Английская Википедия:Dyrrhachium (theme)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox Former Subdivision The Theme of Dyrrhachium or Dyrrhachion (Шаблон:Lang-el) was a Byzantine military-civilian province (theme), covering the Adriatic coast of modern Albania, and some coastal regions of modern Montenegro. It was established in the early 9th century and named after its capital, Dyrrhachium (modern Durrës).Шаблон:Sfn
History
The exact date of the theme's establishment is unclear; a strategos of Dyrrhachium is attested in the Taktikon Uspensky of Шаблон:Circa, but several seals of strategoi dating from the previous decades survive. J.B. Bury proposed its creation alongside the themes of the Peloponnese and Cephallenia in the early 9th century, with the historian Jadran Ferluga putting the date of its establishment in the reign of Emperor Nikephoros I (Шаблон:Reign).[1][2]Шаблон:Sfn Its boundaries are not very clear. To the north, it abutted the Theme of Dalmatia and the Serbian principality of Duklja, and the Theme of Nicopolis to the south. The theme covered the coast in between, but how far inland it extended is uncertain: according to Konstantin Jireček, it reached as far as Drivast and Pulati in the north, and Bellegrada (modern Berat) in the centre, and bordered the Slav-inhabited lands of the Upper Devoll and Ohrid in the south.Шаблон:Sfn During the Byzantine–Bulgarian wars of the late 10th and early 11th centuries, the city seems to have been autonomous or at times under Bulgarian suzerainty.[1]
From the mid-11th century on, its governor held the title of doux or katepano.[1] In 1040–1041, the troops of the theme, under their leader Tihomir, rebelled and joined the revolt of Peter Delyan.Шаблон:Sfn
During the late 11th and the 12th centuries, the city of Dyrrhachium and its province were of great importance to the Byzantine Empire. The city was the main point of entry for trade but also for invaders from Italy, and was ideally placed to control the actions of the Slavic rulers of the western Balkans. Thus the doux of Dyrrhachium became the senior-most Byzantine authority throughout the western Balkan provinces. Two successive governors, Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder and Nikephoros Basilakes, used this post as a launchpad for their imperial ambitions in the late 1070s. The region also played a crucial role in the Byzantine–Norman Wars, being occupied by the Normans in 1081–1084. After its recovery, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos entrusted the command of the theme to some of his closest relatives.[2]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Nevertheless, the city magnates (archontes) retained considerable influence and autonomy of action throughout, and it was they who in 1205, after the sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, surrendered the city to the Venetians.Шаблон:Sfn
During the existence of the theme, Dyrrhachium was also the main ecclesiastical center in the region. As attested by the Notitiae Episcopatuum and other sources, local episcopal sees in the province were grouped under jurisdiction of the Metropolitanate of Dyrrhachium, that belonged to the Patriarchate of Constantinople.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
List of known governors
- Unnamed strategos of Dyrrhachium during Leo Choirosphaktes' embassy to Bulgaria (896/904)Шаблон:Sfn
- Leo Rhabdouchos, protospatharios and strategos of Dyrrhachium in 917Шаблон:Sfn
- Constantine, imperial spatharios and strategos of Dyrrhachium (8th/9th-century seal)Шаблон:Sfn
- Niketas Pegonites, patrikios and strategos of Dyrrhachium until 1018Шаблон:Sfn
- Eustathios Daphnomeles, strategos of Dyrrhachium from 1018Шаблон:Sfn
- Basil Synadenos, strategos of Dyrrhachium until Шаблон:CircaШаблон:Sfn
- Michael Dermokaites, strategos of Dyrrhachium from Шаблон:CircaШаблон:Sfn
- Michael, patrikios and katepano of Dyrrhachium Шаблон:CircaШаблон:Sfn
- Perenos, doux of Dyrrhachium Шаблон:CircaШаблон:Sfn
- Michael Maurex, vestarches and katepano of Dyrrhachium (seal dated to the 1060s/early 1070s)Шаблон:Sfn
- Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder, doux of Dyrrhachium in 1075–1077Шаблон:Sfn
- Nikephoros Basilakes, protoproedros and doux of Dyrrhachium in 1078Шаблон:Sfn
- George Monomachatos, doux of Dyrrhachium in 1078–1081Шаблон:Sfn
- George Palaiologos, 1081
- John Doukas, doux of Dyrrhachium in 1085–1092Шаблон:Sfn
- John Komnenos, sebastos and doux of Dyrrhachium in 1092–1106Шаблон:Sfn
- Alexios Komnenos, 1106 – after 1108
- Pirogordus [Pyrrogeorgios?], doux of Dyrrhachium early in the reign of John II Komnenos and George I of DukljaШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
- Alexios Kontostephanos, doux of Dyrrhachium in the second quarter of the 12th century, during the reign of John II Komnenos and George I of DukljaШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
- Alexios Bryennios, doux of Dyrrhachium and Ohrid, probably sometime between 1148 and 1156 Шаблон:Sfn
- Alexios Doukas, mid-12th centuryШаблон:Sfn
- Constantine Doukas, Шаблон:CircaШаблон:Sfn
- Unnamed doux of Dyrrhachium in 1203Шаблон:Sfn
References
Sources
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
Шаблон:Byzantine themes in De Thematibus
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- Английская Википедия
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