Английская Википедия:Dzongkha
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Infobox language Шаблон:Contains special characters
Dzongkha (Шаблон:Bo-textonly; Шаблон:IPA-all) is a Sino-Tibetan language that is the official and national language of Bhutan.[1] It is written using the Tibetan script.
The word Шаблон:Transl means "the language of the fortress", from Шаблон:Transl "fortress" and Шаблон:Transl "language". Шаблон:As of, Dzongkha had 171,080 native speakers and about 640,000 total speakers.[2]
Dzongkha is a South Tibetic language. It is closely related to and partially intelligible with Sikkimese, and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha, Brokpa, Brokkat and Lakha. It has a more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan. Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50 to 80 percent mutually intelligible.
Usage
Dzongkha and its dialects are the native tongue of eight western districts of Bhutan (viz. Wangdue Phodrang, Шаблон:Lang, Thimphu, Gasa, Paro, Ha, Dagana and Chukha).[3] There are also some native speakers near the Indian town of Kalimpong, once part of Bhutan but now in North Bengal, and in Sikkim.
Dzongkha was declared the national language of Bhutan in 1971.[4] Dzongkha study is mandatory in all schools, and the language is the lingua franca in the districts to the south and east where it is not the mother tongue. The Bhutanese films Travellers and Magicians (2003) and Lunana: A Yak in the Classroom (2019) are in Dzongkha.
Writing system
The Tibetan script used to write Dzongkha has thirty basic letters, sometimes known as "radicals", for consonants. Dzongkha is usually written in Bhutanese forms of the Uchen script, forms of the Tibetan script known as Jôyi "cursive longhand" and Jôtshum "formal longhand". The print form is known simply as Tshûm.[5]
Romanization
There are various systems of romanization and transliteration for Dzongkha, but none accurately represents its phonetic sound.[6] The Bhutanese government adopted a transcription system known as Roman Dzongkha, devised by the linguist George van Driem, as its standard in 1991.[4]
Phonology
Tones
Dzongkha is a tonal language and has two register tones: high and low.Шаблон:Sfnp The tone of a syllable determines the allophone of the onset and the phonation type of the nuclear vowel.Шаблон:Sfnp
Consonants
All consonants may begin a syllable. In the onsets of low-tone syllables, consonants are voiced.Шаблон:Sfnp Aspirated consonants (indicated by the superscript h), Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPA are not found in low-tone syllables.Шаблон:Sfnp The rhotic Шаблон:IPA is usually a trill Шаблон:IPAblink or a fricative trill Шаблон:IPAblink,Шаблон:Sfnp and is voiceless in the onsets of high-tone syllables.Шаблон:Sfnp
Шаблон:IPA are dental.Шаблон:Sfnp Descriptions of the palatal affricates and fricatives vary from alveolo-palatal to plain palatal.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
Only a few consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Most common among them are Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp Syllable-final Шаблон:IPA is often elided and results in the preceding vowel nasalized and prolonged, especially word-finally.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Syllable-final Шаблон:IPA is most often omitted when word-final as well, unless in formal speech.Шаблон:Sfnp In literary pronunciation, liquids Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA may also end a syllable.Шаблон:Sfnp Though rare, Шаблон:IPA is also found in syllable-final positions.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp No other consonants are found in syllable-final positions.
Vowels
- When in low tone, vowels are produced with breathy voice.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
- In closed syllables, Шаблон:IPA varies between Шаблон:IPAblink and Шаблон:IPAblink, the latter being more common.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA varies between Шаблон:IPAblink and Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA varies between close-mid Шаблон:IPAblink and open-mid Шаблон:IPAblink, the latter being common in closed syllables. Шаблон:IPA is close-mid Шаблон:IPAblink. Шаблон:IPA may not be longer than Шаблон:IPA at all, and differs from Шаблон:IPA more often in quality than in length.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Descriptions of Шаблон:IPA vary between close-mid Шаблон:IPAblink and open-mid Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA is close-mid Шаблон:IPAblink, but may approach open-mid Шаблон:IPAblink especially in closed syllables. Шаблон:IPA is close-mid Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA is slightly lower than open-mid, i.e. Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA may approach Шаблон:IPAblink, especially in closed syllables.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
- When nasalized or followed by Шаблон:IPA, vowels are always long.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
Phonotactics
Many words in Dzongkha are monosyllabic.Шаблон:Sfnp Syllables usually take the form of CVC, CV, or VC.Шаблон:Sfnp Syllables with complex onsets are also found, but such an onset must be a combination of an unaspirated bilabial stop and a palatal affricate.Шаблон:Sfnp The bilabial stops in complex onsets are often omitted in colloquial speech.Шаблон:Sfnp
Dzongkha is considered a South Tibetic language. It is closely related to and partially intelligible with Sikkimese, and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha, Brokpa, Brokkat and Lakha.
Dzongkha bears a close linguistic relationship to J'umowa, which is spoken in the Chumbi Valley of Southern Tibet.[7] It has a much more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan. Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50% to 80% mutually intelligible, with the literary forms of both highly influenced by the liturgical (clerical) Classical Tibetan language, known in Bhutan as Chöke, which has been used for centuries by Buddhist monks. Chöke was used as the language of education in Bhutan until the early 1960s when it was replaced by Dzongkha in public schools.[8]
Although descended from Classical Tibetan, Dzongkha shows a great many irregularities in sound changes that make the official spelling and standard pronunciation more distant from each other than is the case with Standard Tibetan. "Traditional orthography and modern phonology are two distinct systems operating by a distinct set of rules."[9]
Sample text
The following is a sample text in Dzongkha of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
See also
References
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Dead link
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Mazaudon, Martine. 1985. "Dzongkha Number Systems." S. Ratanakul, D. Thomas & S. Premsirat (eds.). Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies presented to André-G. Haudricourt. Bangkok: Mahidol University. 124–57
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite conference
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite book – A language textbook with three audio compact disks.
- Шаблон:Cite book
External links
Шаблон:InterWiki Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Wikivoyage
- Bhutanese literatures
- Dzongkha Development Commission Thimphu, Bhutan
- Dzongkha-English Dictionary
- Dzongkha podcast
- Dzongkha Romanization for Geographical Names
- Free textbooks and dictionaries published by the Dzongkha Development Commission
- Bhutan National Policy and Strategy for Development and Promotion of Dzongkha
- Dzongkha Unicode Шаблон:Webarchive – site The National Library of Bhutan (en – dz Шаблон:Webarchive)
Vocabulary
- Online searchable dictionary (Dz-En, En-Dz, Dz-Dz) or Online Dzongkha-English Dictionary – site Dzongkha Development Commission (en – dz)
- Dzongkha Computer Terms(pdf)
- English-Dzongkha Pocket Dictionary(pdf)
- Rigpai Lodap: An Intermediate Dzongkha-English Dictionary(pdf)
- Kartshok Threngwa: A Book on Dzongkha Synonyms & Antonyms(pdf)
- Names of Countries and Capitals in Dzongkha(pdf)
- A Guide to Dzongkha-Translation(pdf)
Grammar
- A colloquial grammar of the Bhutanese language. by Byrne, St. Quintin. Allahabad: Pioneer Press, 1909
- Dzongkha transliteration Шаблон:Webarchive – site National Library of Bhutan (en – dz Шаблон:Webarchive)
- Dzongkha, The National Language of Bhutan – site Dzongkha Linux (en – dz)
- Romanization of Dzongkha
- Dzongkha : Origin and Description
- Dzongkha language, alphabet and pronunciation
- Dzongkha in Wikipedia: Русский, Français, 日本語, Eesti, English
- Pioneering Dzongkha Text To Speech Synthesis Шаблон:Webarchive(pdf)
- Dzongkha Grammar & other materials – site The Dzongkha Development Commission (en – dz)
- Коряков Ю.Б. Практическая транскрипция для языка дзонг-кэ
- Classical Tibetan-Dzongkha Dictionary(pdf)
Шаблон:Sino-Tibetan languages Шаблон:Bodic languages Шаблон:Languages of Bhutan
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокHow many people speak Dzongkhaне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Harvp
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ See for instance Report on the current status of the United Nations romanization systems for geographical names: Tibetan Report on the current status of the United Nations romanization systems for geographical names: Dzongkha
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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