Английская Википедия:E
Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Pp-semi-indef Шаблон:AboutШаблон:Pp-move-indef Шаблон:Technical reasons Шаблон:Infobox grapheme Шаблон:Latin letter info
E, or e, is the fifth letter and the second vowel letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is e (pronounced Шаблон:IPAc-en); plural es, Es or E's.[1] It is the most commonly used letter in many languages, including Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Latvian, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish.[2][3][4][5][6]
History
| Egyptian hieroglyph qʼ |
Proto-Sinaitic | Proto-Canaanite
hillul |
Phoenician He |
Etruscan E |
Greek Epsilon |
Latin/ Cyrillic E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <hiero>A28</hiero> | Файл:Proto-semiticE-01.svg | Файл:Protohe.svg | Файл:PhoenicianE-01.svg | Файл:Alfabeto camuno-e.svg | Файл:Epsilon uc lc.svg | Latin E |
The Latin letter 'E' differs little from its source, the Greek letter epsilon, 'Ε'. This in turn comes from the Semitic letter hê, which has been suggested to have started as a praying or calling human figure (hillul 'jubilation'), and was most likely based on a similar Egyptian hieroglyph that indicated a different pronunciation. In Semitic, the letter represented Шаблон:IPA (and Шаблон:IPA in foreign words); in Greek, hê became the letter epsilon, used to represent Шаблон:IPA. The various forms of the Old Italic script and the Latin alphabet followed this usage.
Use in writing systems
English
Although Middle English spelling used Шаблон:Angbr to represent long and short Шаблон:IPAslink, the Great Vowel Shift changed long Шаблон:IPA (as in me or bee) to Шаблон:IPA while short Шаблон:IPAslink (as in met or bed) remained a mid vowel. In unstressed syllables, this letter is usually pronounced either as Шаблон:IPAslink or Шаблон:IPAslink. In other cases, the letter is silent, generally at the end of words like queue.
Other languages
In the orthography of many languages it represents either Шаблон:IPAblink, Шаблон:IPAblink, Шаблон:IPAblink, or some variation (such as a nasalized version) of these sounds, often with diacritics (as: Шаблон:Angbr) to indicate contrasts. Less commonly, as in French, German, or Saanich, Шаблон:Angbr represents a mid-central vowel Шаблон:IPA. Digraphs with Шаблон:Angbr are common to indicate either diphthongs or monophthongs, such as Шаблон:Angbr or Шаблон:Angbr for Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA in English, Шаблон:Angbr for Шаблон:IPA in German, and Шаблон:Angbr for Шаблон:IPA in French or Шаблон:IPA in German.
Other systems
The International Phonetic Alphabet uses Шаблон:Angbr IPA for the close-mid front unrounded vowel or the mid front unrounded vowel.
Most common letter
'E' is the most common (or highest-frequency) letter in the English language alphabet and several other European languages,[7] which has implications in both cryptography and data compression. In the story "The Gold-Bug" by Edgar Allan Poe, a character figures out a random character code by remembering that the most used letter in English is E. This makes it a hard and popular letter to use when writing lipograms. Ernest Vincent Wright's Gadsby (1939) is considered a "dreadful" novel, and supposedly "at least part of Wright's narrative issues were caused by language limitations imposed by the lack of E."[8] Both Georges Perec's novel A Void (La Disparition) (1969) and its English translation by Gilbert Adair omit 'e' and are considered better works.[9]
Related characters
- E with diacritics: Ĕ ĕ Ḝ ḝ Ȇ ȇ Ê ê Ê̄ ê̄ Ê̌ ê̌ Ề ề Ế ế Ể ể Ễ ễ Ệ ệ Ẻ ẻ Ḙ ḙ Ě ě Ɇ ɇ Ė ė Ė́ ė́ Ė̃ ė̃ Ẹ ẹ Ë ë È è È̩ è̩ Ȅ ȅ É é É̩ Ē ē Ḕ ḕ Ḗ ḗ Ẽ ẽ Ḛ ḛ Ę ę Ę́ ę́ Ę̃ ę̃ Ȩ ȩ E̩ e̩ ᶒ[10]
- ⱸ : E with notch is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet[11]
- Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
- Œ œ : Latin OE ligature
- The umlaut diacritic ¨ used above a vowel letter in German and other languages to indicate a fronted or front vowel (this sign originated as a superscript e)
- Phonetic alphabet symbols related to E (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems):
- Ɛ ɛ : Latin letter epsilon / open e, which represents an open-mid front unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ᶓ : Epsilon / open e with retroflex hook[10]
- Ɜ ɜ : Latin letter reversed epsilon / open e, which represents an open-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ɝ : Latin small letter reversed epsilon / open e with hook, which represents a rhotacized open-mid central vowel in the IPA
- ᶔ : Reversed epsilon / open e with retroflex hook[10]
- ᶟ : Modifier letter small reversed epsilon / open e[10]
- ɞ : Latin small letter closed reversed open e, which represents an open-mid central rounded vowel in IPA (shown as ʚ on the 1993 IPA chart)
- 𐞏 : Modifier letter small closed reversed open e, which is a superscript IPA letter[12]
- Ə ə : Latin letter schwa, which represents a mid central vowel in the IPA
- Ǝ ǝ : Latin letter turned e, which is used in the writing systems of some African languages
- ɘ : Latin letter reversed e, which represents a close-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
- 𐞎 : Modifier letter small reversed e, which is a superscript IPA letter[12]
- The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses various forms of e and epsilon / open e:[13]
- e : Subscript small e is used in Indo-European studies[15]
- Teuthonista phonetic transcription system symbols related to E:[16]
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
- 𐤄 : Semitic letter He (letter), from which the following symbols originally derive
- Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive
- Е е : Cyrillic letter Ye
- Є є : Ukrainian Ye
- Э э : Cyrillic letter E
- Шаблон:Script : Coptic letter Ei
- 𐌄 : Old Italic E, which is the ancestor of modern Latin E
- Шаблон:Script : Runic letter Ehwaz, which is possibly a descendant of Old Italic E
- Шаблон:Script : Gothic letter eyz
- Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive
Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations
- € : Euro sign.
- ℮ : Estimated sign (used on prepackaged goods for sale within the European Union).
- e : the symbol for the elementary charge (the electric charge carried by a single proton)
- ∃ : existential quantifier in predicate logic. It is read "there exists ... such that".
- ∈ : the symbol for set membership in set theory.
- 𝑒 : the base of the natural logarithm.
Code points
Other representations
Шаблон:Letter other reps In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter 'e' is signed by extending the index finger of the right hand touching the tip of index on the left hand, with all fingers of left hand open.
Use as a number
- In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, "E" corresponds to the number 14 in decimal (base 10) counting.
- "e" is also commonly used to denote Euler's number.
See also
- "E notation" is used by scientific calculators to indicate a power of ten multiplier.
- Шаблон:Anli
References
External links
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite dictionary
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Ross Eckler, Making the Alphabet Dance: Recreational Word Play. New York: St. Martin's Press (1996): 3
- ↑ Eckler (1996): 3. Perec's novel "was so well written that at least some reviewers never realized the existence of a letter constraint."
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
