Английская Википедия:E-Prime

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish

E-Prime (short for English-Prime or English Prime,[1] sometimes É or E′) denotes a restricted form of English in which authors avoid all forms of the verb to be.

E-Prime excludes forms such as be, being, been, present tense forms (am, is, are), past tense forms (was, were) along with their negative contractions (isn't, aren't, wasn't, weren't), and nonstandard contractions such as ain't. E-Prime also excludes contractions such as I'm, we're, you're, he's, she's, it's, they're, there's, here's, where's, when's, why's, how's, who's, what's, and that's.

Some scholars claim that E-Prime can clarify thinking and strengthen writing,[2] while others doubt its utility.[3]

History

D. David Bourland Jr., who had studied under Alfred Korzybski, devised E-Prime as an addition to Korzybski's general semantics in the late 1940s.[4] Bourland published the concept in a 1965 essay entitled "A Linguistic Note: Writing in E-Prime" (originally published in General Semantics Bulletin). The essay quickly generated controversy within the general semantics field,[5] partly because practitioners of general semantics sometimes saw Bourland as attacking the verb Шаблон:'to beШаблон:' as such, and not just certain usages.

Bourland collected and published three volumes of essays in support of his innovation. The first (1991), co-edited by Paul Dennithorne Johnston, bore the title: To Be or Not: An E-Prime Anthology.[6] For the second, More E-Prime: To Be or Not II, published in 1994, he added a third editor, Jeremy Klein. Bourland and Johnston then edited a third book, E-Prime III: a third anthology, published in 1997.

Functions of "to be"

In English, the verb 'to be' (also known as the copula) has several distinct functions:

Bourland sees specifically the "identity" and "predication" functions as pernicious but advocates the exclusion of all forms for the sake of simplicity. In the case of the "existence" form or the "location" form, terms such as exist, sit or lie could substitute for the copula.

Some ergative verbs may substitute the copula, including taste, feel, smell, sound, grow, hinge, remain, rest, stay, reside, and turn, among others.[7][8]

Examples

Colloquial English      E-Prime
The electron is a particle.   The electron functions as a particle when measured with the first instrument.
The electron is a wave.   The electron functions as a wave when measured with the other instrument.

One could rewrite the functions of "to be" as follows:

  • "The cat is my only pet": "I have only a pet cat".
  • "The cat is Garfield": "I call my cat Garfield".
  • "Garfield is a cat": "Garfield belongs to the cat species".
  • "A cat is an animal": "'Cat' denotes an animal".
  • "The cat is furry": "The cat feels furry" / "The cat looks furry" / "The cat has fur".
  • "The cat is sleeping": "The cat sleeps".
  • "The dog is chasing the cat": "The dog chases the cat".
  • "There is a cat": "A cat exists there".
  • "The cat is on the mat": "The cat sits on the mat".
  • "The cat is here": "I have the cat with me".

Rationale

Шаблон:Further information

Bourland and other advocates also suggest that use of E-Prime leads to a less dogmatic style of language that reduces the possibility of misunderstanding or conflict.[9][10]

Kellogg and Bourland describe misuse of the verb to be as creating a "deity mode of speech", allowing "even the most ignorant to transform their opinions magically into god-like pronouncements on the nature of things".[11]

Psychological effects

Шаблон:Multiple issues

While teaching at the University of Florida, Alfred Korzybski counseled his students to

eliminate the infinitive and verb forms of "to be" from their vocabulary, whereas a second group continued to use "I am," "You are," "They are" statements as usual. For example, instead of saying, "I am depressed," a student was asked to eliminate that emotionally primed verb and to say something else, such as, "I feel depressed when ..." or "I tend to make myself depressed about ..."[12]

Korzybski observed improvement "of one full letter grade" by "students who did not generalize by using that infinitive".[12]

Albert Ellis advocated the use of E-Prime when discussing psychological distress to encourage framing these experiences as temporary (see also Solution focused brief therapy) and to encourage a sense of agency by specifying the subject of statements.[13] According to Ellis, rational emotive behavior therapy "has favored E-Prime more than any other form of psychotherapy and I think it is still the only form of therapy that has some of its main books written in E-Prime".[14] However, Ellis did not always use E-Prime because he believed it interferes with readability.[13]

Criticisms

Many authors have questioned E-Prime's effectiveness at improving readability and reducing prejudice (Lakoff, 1992; Murphy, 1992; Parkinson, 1992; Kenyon, 1992; French, 1992, 1993; Lohrey, 1993). These authors observed that communication under the copula ban can remain obscure and imply prejudice, while losing important speech patterns, such as identities and identification. Further, prejudices and judgments may become more difficult to notice or refute.

Various arguments against E-Prime (in the context of general semantics) have been conjectured:[15]

  • "Effective writing techniques" are not relevant to general semantics as a discipline, and therefore it should not be promoted as general semantics practice. E-Prime does not distinguish statements that disobey the principles of general semantics from statements that do not. It lacks consistency with the other tenets of general semantics and should not be included into the discipline.
  • The advocates of E-Prime have not proven that it is easier to exclude the verb to be than to eliminate only the is-of-identity and the is-of-predication. It may well be easier to do the latter for many people. To be statements convey not only identity but also asymmetrical relations ("X heights more than Y"); negation ("A differs from B"); location ("Another castle contains the princess"); auxiliary ("He goes to the store") etc., forms that would also have to be excluded.
  • The elimination of a whole class of sentences results in fewer alternatives and is likely to make writing less, rather than more, interesting. One can improve bad writing more by reducing use of the verb 'to be' than by excluding it.
  • The context often ameliorates the possible harmful effects from the use of the is-of-identity and the is-of-predication, so it is not necessary to eliminate all such sentences. For example, "He is a judge" in response to a question about what someone does for a living would not be questionable, although "He works as a judge" would be an equivalent E-Prime sentence.
  • Excluding to be has little effect on eliminating identity. For example, a statement of apparently equal identification, "The silly ban on copula continues," can be made without the copula assuming an identity rather than asserting it, consequently hampering our awareness of it.
  • Identity-in-the-language is not the same as the far more important identity-in-reaction (identification). General semantics cuts the link between the two through the practice of silence on the objective levels, adopting a self-reflexive attitude, e.g., "as I see it" "it seems to me" etc., and by the use of quotation marks—without using E-Prime. One of the best languages for time-binding is mathematics, which relies heavily on the notion of equivalence and equality. For the purposes of time-binding, it may be better to cut the link between identity-in-the-language and identity-in-reaction.

According to an article (written in E-Prime and advocating a role for E-Prime in ESL and EFL programs) published by the Office of English Language Programs of the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs in the State Department of the United States, "Requiring students to avoid the verb to be on every assignment would deter students from developing other fundamental skills of fluent writing."[16]

Publications

See also

Шаблон:Col div

Шаблон:Colend

References

Шаблон:Refbegin

  • Шаблон:Cite book
  • Шаблон:Cite book
  • Bourland, D. David, Jr., Jeremy Klein, and Paul Dennithorne Johnstone, eds. (1994). More E-Prime: To Be or Not II. Concord, California: International Society for General Semantics.
  • French, James D. (1992). "The Top Ten Arguments against E-Prime". ETC: A Review of General Semantics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 175-79.
  • French, James D. (1993). "The Prime Problem with General Semantics. ETC: A Review of General Semantics, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 326-35.
  • Kenyon, Ralph (1992). "E-Prime: The Spirit and the Letter. ETC: A Review of General Semantics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 185-88.
  • Lakoff, Robin T. (1992). "Not Ready for Prime Time. ETC: A Review of General Semantics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 142-45.
  • Lohrey, Andrew (1993). "E-Prime, E-Choice, E-Chosen. ETC: A Review of General Semantics, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 346-50.
  • Murphy, Cullen (Summer 1992). Шаблон:"'To Be' in Their Bonnets: A Matter of Semantics". ETC: A Review of General Semantics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 125-30.
  • Murphy, Cullen (February 1992). "'To Be' in Their Bonnets: A matter of semantics". The Atlantic Monthly.
  • Шаблон:Cite journal

Шаблон:Refend

Footnotes

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  4. ↑ Cullen Murphy, "Just curious: essays", 1995, ISBN , 039570099X p. 78
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Miller, Sally. “SEVENTH AND NINTH GRADE WRITING EXERCISES: Candy, Biographies, and E-Prime.” ETC: A Review of General Semantics, vol. 56, no. 1, 1999, pp. 91–101. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/42579866. Accessed 7 Feb. 2021.
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Compare: Шаблон:Cite journal
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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