Английская Википедия:E language
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For multi Шаблон:Original research Шаблон:Infobox language
E (Шаблон:IPA-all), Ei or Wuse/Wusehua (Шаблон:Zh) is a Tai–Chinese mixed language spoken primarily in Rongshui Miao Autonomous County, Guangxi, China. It contains features of both Tai and Chinese varieties, generally adopting Chinese vocabulary into Tai grammar. E is a tonal language—distinguishing between seven tones—and contains a few rare phonemes: voiceless versions of the more common nasal consonants and alveolar lateral approximant.
Etymology
The E language's unusual name, which is also an autonym, derives from the pinyin transliteration of the rare Mandarin syllable Шаблон:Zh (Шаблон:IPA-all), which conventionally denotes an expression of affirmation (and is distinguished from the usual pronunciation of e by the use of a circumflex).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The language's speakers also refer to their language as Kjang E Шаблон:IPA-all.Шаблон:Sfn Wusehua is a derogatory name for E.Шаблон:Sfn
Geographical distribution
In 1992, E was spoken by about 30,000 people,[1]Шаблон:Sfn but by 2008 this number had dwindled to 9,000.Шаблон:Sfn Gao (2016) reported that there were 5,000 speakers of E.[2] Most E speakers are classified as Zhuang by the Chinese government. E speakers live in Rongshui Miao Autonomous County and border areas of Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County in Guangxi. In Rongshui County, the three main villages inhabited by E speakers are Xiatan 下覃村, Simo 四莫村, and Xinglong 兴隆村 in Yongle Township 永乐乡.[2] E speakers' most commonly spoken other languages are the Liujia dialect (六甲话) of Yue Chinese and the Guiliu variant of Southwestern Mandarin.[2]
Phonology
E's consonant and vowel inventories are mostly similar to those of its parent languages. However, it contains a few unusual consonants: the voiceless nasal consonants Шаблон:IPAblink, Шаблон:IPAblink, Шаблон:IPAblink, and the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant Шаблон:IPAblink. All are voiceless versions of consonants that, in most languages, are always voiced. E allows syllabic consonants and diphthongs.Шаблон:Sfn
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | |
| Mid | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | |
| Open | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | ||
Like most Southeast Asian languages, including Tai and the varieties of Chinese, E is tonal.Шаблон:Sfn The language is described as having seven tones, with the seventh varying allophonically with the length of the vowel it is attached to. With numbers ranging from 1 to 5, with 1 being the lowest tone and 5 the highest, the contours of the various tones in E are as follows.Шаблон:Sfn
| Number | Contour | Tone letter | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 42 | ˦˨ | |
| 2. | 231 | ˨˧˩ | |
| 3. | 44 | ˦ | |
| 4. | 35 | ˧˥ | |
| 5. | 24 | ˨˦ | |
| 6. | 55 | ˥ | |
| 7. | Шаблон:Small | 24 | ˨˦ |
| Шаблон:Small | 22 | ˨ | |
Grammar and lexicon
E is usually classified as a mixed language deriving ultimately from the Tai-Kadai and Sino-Tibetan families, which both inhabit southern China and Southeast Asia.Шаблон:Sfn Some non-Chinese scholars, however, consider it a Tai-Kadai language with Chinese influence.Шаблон:Sfn Whatever its classification, the grammar resembles that of the Tai branch of Tai-Kadai. E's grammatical features appear to be a mix of Northern Zhuang, Mulam, and Kam.[2]Шаблон:Sfn The Caolan language of Vietnam also displays many similarities with E.Шаблон:Sfn
The vocabulary, however, is mostly Chinese, based on Guiliu and the Tuguai variant of Pinghua.[2]Шаблон:Sfn Out of the 2,000 most commonly used E words, only about 200 are of Tai-Kadai origin.Шаблон:Sfn E also inherits elements of these Chinese dialects' phonology and compound word formation.[2] E morphology is primarily analytic, with concepts such as negation expressed with auxiliary words (pat6, m2) and no pronominal agreement.Шаблон:Sfn
In its pronouns, E distinguishes for person between first, second, and third; in number between singular and plural; and, in the case of the first-person plural, between inclusive and exclusive we. E does not, however, make distinctions for grammatical gender.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-2
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | ku1 | lau2 (incl.) kju1 (excl.) |
| 2. | ŋ2 | su1 |
| 3. | mo5 | mo5 kjau1 |
| No. | E | No. | E |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | je꞉t6 | 6 | l̥ok6 lok7 |
| 2 | soŋ1 ŋ̥i5 |
7 | tshat6 |
| 3 | sam1 | 8 | pe꞉t6 |
| 4 | si4 | 9 | kjəu3 |
| 5 | ŋ̥a3 ŋo3 |
10 | tɕəp7 ɕəp7 |
Notes
References
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Gao, Huan 高欢. 2016. Guangxi Ronghsui Aihua yanjiu 广西融水诶话研究. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社.
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
Шаблон:Languages of China Шаблон:Tai-Kadai languages
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