Английская Википедия:Early Cyrillic alphabet

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Further Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Use American English

Шаблон:Infobox writing system

Шаблон:South Slavic languages sidebar Шаблон:Cyrillic alphabet navbox

The Early Cyrillic alphabet, also called classical Cyrillic or paleo-Cyrillic, is an alphabetic writing system that was developed in Medieval Bulgaria in the Preslav Literary School during the late 9th century. It is used to write the Church Slavonic language, and was historically used for its ancestor, Old Church Slavonic. It was also used for other languages, but between the 18th and 20th centuries was mostly replaced by the modern Cyrillic script, which is used for some Slavic languages (such as Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Russian, Rusyn, Ukrainian), and for East European and Asian languages that have experienced a great amount of Russian cultural influence.

History

The earliest form of manuscript Cyrillic, known as ustav, was based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and by letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek.[1]

The Glagolitic alphabet was created by the monk Saint Cyril, possibly with the aid of his brother Saint Methodius, around 863.[1] Most scholars agree that Cyrillic, on the other hand, was created by Cyril's students at the Preslav Literary School in the 890s as a more suitable script for church books, based on uncial Greek but retaining some Glagolitic letters for sounds not present in Greek.[2][3][4][5] At the time, the Preslav Literary School was the most important early literary and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire and of all Slavs:[4]

Unlike the Churchmen in Ohrid, Preslav scholars were much more dependent upon Greek models and quickly abandoned the Glagolitic scripts in favor of an adaptation of the Greek uncial to the needs of Slavic, which is now known as the Cyrillic alphabet.

The earliest Cyrillic texts are found in northeastern Bulgaria, in the vicinity of Preslav—the Krepcha inscription, dating back to 921,[6] and a ceramic vase from Preslav, dating back to 931.[4] Moreover, unlike the other literary centre in the First Bulgarian Empire, the Ohrid Literary School, which continued to use Glagolitic well into the 12th century, the School at Preslav was using Cyrillic in the early 900s.[7] The systematization of Cyrillic may have been undertaken at the Council of Preslav in 893, when the Old Church Slavonic liturgy was adopted by the First Bulgarian Empire.[8]

American scholar Horace Lunt has alternatively suggested that Cyrillics emerged in the border regions of Greek proselytization to the Slavs before it was codified and adapted by some systematizer among the Slavs. The oldest Cyrillic manuscripts look very similar to 9th and 10th century Greek uncial manuscripts,[1] and the majority of uncial Cyrillic letters were identical to their Greek uncial counterparts.[8]

The Cyrillic alphabet was very well suited for the writing of Old Church Slavic, generally following a principle of "one letter for one significant sound", with some arbitrary or phonotactically-based exceptions.[1] Particularly, this principle is violated by certain vowel letters, which represent Шаблон:IPA plus the vowel if they are not preceded by a consonant.[1] It is also violated by a significant failure to distinguish between /ji/ and /jĭ/ orthographically.[1] There was no distinction of capital and lowercase letters, though manuscript letters were rendered larger for emphasis, or in various decorative initial and nameplate forms.[2] Letters served as numerals as well as phonetic signs; the values of the numerals were directly borrowed from their Greek-letter analogues.[1] Letters without Greek equivalents mostly had no numeral values, whereas one letter, koppa, had only a numeric value with no phonetic value.[1]

Since its creation, the Cyrillic script has adapted to changes in spoken language and developed regional variations to suit the features of national languages. It has been the subject of academic reforms and political decrees. Variations of the Cyrillic script are used to write languages throughout Eastern Europe and Asia.

The form of the Russian alphabet underwent a change when Tsar Peter the Great introduced the civil script (Шаблон:Lang-ru, or Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang), in contrast to the prevailing church typeface, (Шаблон:Lang-ru) in 1708. (The two forms are sometimes distinguished as paleo-Cyrillic and neo-Cyrillic.) Some letters and breathing marks which were used only for historical reasons were dropped. Medieval letterforms used in typesetting were harmonized with Latin typesetting practices, exchanging medieval forms for Baroque ones, and skipping the western European Renaissance developments. The reform subsequently influenced Cyrillic orthographies for most other languages. Today, the early orthography and typesetting standards remain in use only in Church Slavonic.

A comprehensive repertoire of early Cyrillic characters has been included in the Unicode standard since version 5.1, published April 4, 2008. These characters and their distinctive letterforms are represented in specialized computer fonts for Slavistics. Шаблон:Gallery [9]

Alphabet

Image Unicode Name
(Cyrillic) 		Name
(translit.) 		Name
(IPA) 		Translit. international system[1][10] Translit. ALA-LC[11] IPA Numeric value Origin Meaning of name Notes
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Azu.svg А а Шаблон:Script azŭ Шаблон:IPA a a Шаблон:IPA 1 Greek alpha Α I Pronounced Шаблон:IPA after a palatal consonant
Файл:Early Cyrillic letter Buky.svg Б б Шаблон:Script buky Шаблон:IPA b b Шаблон:IPA Greek beta in Thera form Шаблон:GrGl letters
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Vedi.svg В в Шаблон:Script vědě Шаблон:IPA v v Шаблон:IPA 2 Greek Beta Β know
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Glagol.svg Г г Шаблон:Script glagoli Шаблон:IPA g g Шаблон:IPA[1] 3 Greek Gamma Γ speak When marked with a palatalization mark, this letter is pronounced Шаблон:IPA; this occurs only rarely, and only in borrowings.[1]
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Dobro.svg Д д Шаблон:Script dobro Шаблон:IPA d d Шаблон:IPA 4 Greek Delta Δ good
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Est.svg Є є Шаблон:Script estŭ Шаблон:IPA e e Шаблон:IPA 5 Greek Epsilon Ε is Pronounced Шаблон:IPA (was used interchangeably with ѥ) when not preceded by a consonant.[1]
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Zhivete.svg Ж ж Шаблон:Script živěte Шаблон:IPA ž zh Шаблон:IPA Glagolitic Zhivete Ⰶ live
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Zelo.svg Ѕ ѕ Шаблон:Script dzělo Шаблон:IPA dz/ʒ ż Шаблон:IPA 6 Greek Stigma Ϛ very The form ꙃ had the phonetic value Шаблон:IPA and no numeral value, whereas the form ѕ was used only as a numeral and had no phonetic value.[1] Since the 12th century, ѕ came to be used instead of ꙃ.[12][13] In many manuscripts з is used instead, suggesting lenition had taken place.[1]
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Zemlia.svg З з Шаблон:Script zemlja Шаблон:IPA z z Шаблон:IPA 7 Greek Zeta Ζ earth The first form developed into the second.
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Izhe.svg И и Шаблон:Script iže Шаблон:IPA i и=i, й=ĭ Шаблон:IPA 8 Greek Eta Η which Pronounced Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA when not preceded by a consonant and not the particle ‹i› ("and"); the orthography does not distinguish between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.[1] Speculatively, this letter might have originally been intended to represent Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.[1]
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Izhei.svg І і Шаблон:Script i Шаблон:IPA i ī Шаблон:IPA 10 Greek Iota Ι and Pronounced Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA when not preceded by a consonant and not the particle ‹i› ("and"); the orthography does not distinguish between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.[1] Speculatively, this letter might have originally been intended to represent Шаблон:IPA.[1]
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Kako.svg К к Шаблон:Script kako Шаблон:IPA k k Шаблон:IPA 20 Greek Kappa Κ as When marked with a palatalization mark, this letter is pronounced Шаблон:IPA; this occurs only rarely, and only in borrowings.[1]
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Ludi.svg Л л Шаблон:Script ljudije Шаблон:IPA l l Шаблон:IPA; sometimes Шаблон:IPA[1] 30 Greek Lambda Λ people When marked with a palatalization mark or followed by a palatalizing vowel (ю, ѭ, or ꙗ, and sometimes ѣ), this letter is pronounced Шаблон:IPA; some manuscripts do not mark palatalization, in which case it must be inferred from context.[1]
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Myslete.svg М м Шаблон:Script myslite Шаблон:IPA m m Шаблон:IPA 40 Greek Mu Μ think
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Nash.svg Н н Шаблон:Script našĭ Шаблон:IPA n n Шаблон:IPA; sometimes Шаблон:IPA[1] 50 Greek Nu Ν ours When marked with a palatalization mark or followed by a palatalizing vowel (ю, ѭ, or ꙗ, and sometimes ѣ), this letter is pronounced Шаблон:IPA; some manuscripts do not mark palatalization, in which case it must be inferred from context.[1]
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Onu.svg О о Шаблон:Script onŭ Шаблон:IPA o o Шаблон:IPA 70 Greek Omicron Ο he/it
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Pokoi.svg П п Шаблон:Script pokoi Шаблон:IPA p p Шаблон:IPA 80 Greek Pi Π peace/calm
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Rtsi.svg Р р Шаблон:Script rĭci Шаблон:IPA r r Шаблон:IPA; sometimes Шаблон:IPA[1] 100 Greek Rho Ρ say When marked with a palatalization mark or followed by a palatalizing vowel (ю or ѭ), this letter is pronounced Шаблон:IPA; some manuscripts do not mark palatalization, in which case it must be inferred from context.[1] This palatalization was lost rather early in South Slavic speech.[1]
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Slovo.svg С с Шаблон:Script slovo Шаблон:IPA s s Шаблон:IPA 200 Greek lunate Sigma Ϲ word/speech
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Tverdo.svg Т т Шаблон:Script tvrĭdo Шаблон:IPA t t Шаблон:IPA 300 Greek Tau Τ hard/surely
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Uk.svg Оу оу Шаблон:Script ukŭ Шаблон:IPA u оу=u, ꙋ=ū Шаблон:IPA Greek Omicron-Upsilon ΟΥ / Ꙋ learning The first form developed into the second, a vertical ligature. A less common alternative form was a digraph with izhitsa: Оѵ оѵ.
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Fert.svg Ф ф Шаблон:Script frĭtŭ Шаблон:IPA f f Шаблон:IPA or possibly Шаблон:IPA[1] 500 Greek Phi Φ This letter was not needed for Slavic but used to transcribe Greek Φ and Latin ph and f.[1] It was probably, but not certainly, pronounced as Шаблон:IPA rather than Шаблон:IPA; however, in some cases it has been found as a transcription of Greek π.[1]
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Kher.svg Х х Шаблон:Script xěrŭ Шаблон:IPA ch/x kh Шаблон:IPA 600 Greek Chi Χ When marked with a palatalization mark, this letter is pronounced Шаблон:IPA; this occurs only rarely, and only in borrowings.[1]
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Omega.svg Ѡ ѡ Шаблон:Script otŭ Шаблон:IPA o/v ѡ=ō, ѿ=ō͡t Шаблон:IPA 800 Greek Omega ω from This letter was rarely used, mostly appearing in the interjection "oh", in the preposition ‹otŭ›, in Greek transcription, and as a decorative capital.[1]
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Tsi.svg Ц ц Шаблон:Script ci Шаблон:IPA c t͡s Шаблон:IPA 900 Glagolitic Tsi Ⱌ See also: Ꙡ ꙡ.
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Cherv.svg Ч ч Шаблон:Script črĭvĭ Шаблон:IPA č ch Шаблон:IPA 90 Glagolitic Cherv Ⱍ worm This letter replaced koppa as the numeral for 90 after about 1300.[1]
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Sha.svg Ш ш Шаблон:Script ša Шаблон:IPA š sh Шаблон:IPA Glagolitic Sha Ⱎ
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Shta.svg Щ щ Шаблон:Script šta Шаблон:IPA št sht Шаблон:IPA Glagolitic Shta Ⱋ This letter varied in pronunciation from region to region; it may have originally represented the reflexes of Шаблон:IPA.[1] It was sometimes replaced by the digraph шт.[1] Pronounced Шаблон:IPA in Old East Slavic. Later analyzed as a Ш-Т ligature by folk etymology, but neither the Cyrillic nor the Glagolitic glyph originated as such a ligature.[1]
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Back-Yer.svg Ъ ъ Шаблон:Script jerŭ Шаблон:IPA ъ/ŭ ″, omit at end of a word Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA[1] Glagolitic Yer Ⱏ[8] After č, š, ž, c, dz, št, and žd, this letter was pronounced identically to ь instead of its normal pronunciation.[1]
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Yery.svg Ꙑ ꙑ Шаблон:Script jery Шаблон:IPA y ы=ȳ, ꙑ=y, Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA[1] Ъ + І ligature. Ꙑ was the more common form; rarely, a third form, ы, appears.[1]
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Yer.svg Ь ь Шаблон:Script jerĭ Шаблон:IPA ь/ĭ ′ Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA[1] Glagolitic Yerj Ⱐ[8]
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Yat.svg Ѣ ѣ Шаблон:Script ětĭ Шаблон:IPA ě ě Шаблон:IPA[1] Glagolitic yat Ⱑ[8] In western South Slavic dialects of Old Church Slavonic, this letter had a more closed pronunciation, perhaps Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA.[1] This letter was written only after a consonant; in all other positions, ꙗ was used instead.[1] An exceptional document is Pages of Undolski, where ѣ is used instead of ꙗ.
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Iotated-A.svg Ꙗ ꙗ Шаблон:Script ja Шаблон:IPA ja i͡a Шаблон:IPA І-А ligature This letter was probably not present in the original Cyrillic alphabet.[8]
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Iotated-E.svg Ѥ ѥ Шаблон:Script je Шаблон:IPA je i͡e Шаблон:IPA І-Є ligature This letter was probably not present in the original Cyrillic alphabet.[8]
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Yu.svg Ю ю Шаблон:Script ju Шаблон:IPA ju i͡u Шаблон:IPA І-ОУ ligature, dropping У There was no Шаблон:IPA sound in early Slavic, so І-ОУ did not need to be distinguished from І-О. After č, š, ž, c, dz, št, and žd, this letter was pronounced Шаблон:IPA, without iotation.
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Big-Yus.svg Ѫ ѫ Шаблон:Script ǫsŭ Шаблон:IPA ǫ ǫ Шаблон:IPA Glagolitic Ons Ⱘ Called юсъ большой (big yus) in Russian.
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Iotated-Big-Yus.svg Ѭ ѭ Шаблон:Script jǫsŭ Шаблон:IPA jǫ i͡ǫ Шаблон:IPA І-Ѫ ligature After č, š, ž, c, dz, št, and žd, this letter was pronounced Шаблон:IPA, without iotation. Called юсъ большой йотированный (iotated big yus) in Russian.
Файл:Early Cyrillic letter Yusu Maliy.svg Ѧ ѧ Шаблон:Script ęsŭ Шаблон:IPA ę ę Шаблон:IPA 900 Glagolitic Ens Ⱔ Pronounced Шаблон:IPA when not preceded by a consonant.[1] Called юсъ малый (little yus) in Russian.
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Iotated-Lesser-Yus.svg Ѩ ѩ Шаблон:Script jęsŭ Шаблон:IPA ję i͡ę Шаблон:IPA І-Ѧ ligature This letter does not exist in the oldest (South Slavic) Cyrillic manuscripts, but only in East Slavic ones.[1] It was probably not present in the original Cyrillic alphabet.[8] Called юсъ малый йотированный (iotated little yus) in Russian.
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Ksi.svg Ѯ ѯ Шаблон:Script ksi Шаблон:IPA ks k͡s Шаблон:IPA 60 Greek Xi Ξ xi (letter name) These two letters were not needed for Slavic but were used to transcribe Greek and as numerals.
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Psi.svg Ѱ ѱ Шаблон:Script psi Шаблон:IPA ps p͡s Шаблон:IPA 700 Greek Psi Ψ psi (letter name)
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Fita.svg Ѳ ѳ Шаблон:Script fita Шаблон:IPA t/f/th ḟ Шаблон:IPA, or Шаблон:IPA, or possibly Шаблон:IPA 9 Greek Theta Θ theta (letter name) This letter was not needed for Slavic but was used to transcribe Greek and as a numeral. It seems to have been generally pronounced Шаблон:IPA, as the oldest texts sometimes replace instances of it with т.[1] Normal Old Church Slavonic pronunciation probably did not have a phone Шаблон:IPA.[1]
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Izhitsa.svg Ѵ ѵ Шаблон:Script ižica Шаблон:IPA i,ü ѷ=ẏ, ѵ=v̇ Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA 400 Greek Upsilon Υ small yoke/Izhe This letter was used to transcribe Greek upsilon and as a numeral. It also formed part of the digraph оѵ.
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Koppa.svg Ҁ ҁ Шаблон:Script kopa Шаблон:IPA — none 90 Greek Koppa Ϙ koppa (letter name) This letter had no phonetic value, and was used only as a numeral. After about 1300, it was replaced as a numeral by črĭvĭ.[1]

In addition to the basic letters, there were a number of scribal variations, combining ligatures, and regionalisms used, all of which varied over time.

Sometimes the Greek letters that were used in Cyrillic mainly for their numeric value are transcribed with the corresponding Greek letters for accuracy: ѳ = θ, ѯ = ξ, ѱ = ψ, ѵ = υ, and ѡ = ω.[10]

Numerals, diacritics and punctuation

Each letter had a numeric value also, inherited from the corresponding Greek letter. A titlo over a sequence of letters indicated their use as a number; usually this was accompanied by a dot on either side of the letter.[1] In numerals, the ones place was to the left of the tens place, the reverse of the order used in modern Arabic numerals.[1] Thousands are formed using a special symbol, Шаблон:Script (U+0482), which was attached to the lower left corner of the numeral.[1] Many fonts display this symbol incorrectly as being in line with the letters instead of subscripted below and to the left of them.

Titlos were also used to form abbreviations, especially of nomina sacra; this was done by writing the first and last letter of the abbreviated word along with the word's grammatical endings, then placing a titlo above it.[1] Later manuscripts made increasing use of a different style of abbreviation, in which some of the left-out letters were superscripted above the abbreviation and covered with a pokrytie diacritic.[1]

Several diacritics, adopted from Polytonic Greek orthography, were also used, but were seemingly redundant[1] (these may not appear correctly in all web browsers; they are supposed to be directly above the letter, not off to its upper right):

Шаблон:Script  trema, diaeresis (U+0308)
Шаблон:Script  varia (grave accent), indicating stress on the last syllable (U+0300)
Шаблон:Script  oksia (acute accent), indicating a stressed syllable (Unicode U+0301)
Шаблон:Script  titlo, indicating abbreviations, or letters used as numerals (U+0483)
Шаблон:Script  kamora (circumflex accent), indicating palatalizationШаблон:Citation needed (U+0484); in later Church Slavonic, it disambiguates plurals from homophonous singulars.
Шаблон:Script  dasia or dasy pneuma, rough breathing mark (U+0485)
Шаблон:Script  psili, zvatel'tse, or psilon pneuma, soft breathing mark (U+0486). Signals a word-initial vowel, at least in later Church Slavonic.
Шаблон:Script  Combined zvatel'tse and varia is called apostrof.
Шаблон:Script  Combined zvatel'tse and oksia is called iso.
Шаблон:Script  Шаблон:Ill or payerok (U+A67D, U+033E), indicating an omitted 'jerŭ' (ъ) after a letter.[14]

Punctuation systems in early Cyrillic manuscripts were primitive: there was no space between words and no upper and lower case, and punctuation marks were used inconsistently in all manuscripts.[1]

Шаблон:Script  ano teleia (U+0387), a middle dot used to separate phrases, words, or parts of words[1]
Шаблон:Script  Full stop, used in the same way[1]
Шаблон:Script  Armenian full stop (U+0589), resembling a colon, used in the same way[1]
Шаблон:Script  Georgian paragraph separator (U+10FB), used to mark off larger divisions
Шаблон:Script  triangular colon (U+2056, added in Unicode 4.1), used to mark off larger divisions
Шаблон:Script  diamond colon (U+2058, added in Unicode 4.1), used to mark off larger divisions
Шаблон:Script  quintuple colon (U+2059, added in Unicode 4.1), used to mark off larger divisions
Шаблон:Script  Greek question mark (U+037E), similar to a semicolon

Some of these marks are also used in Glagolitic script.

Used only in modern texts

Шаблон:Script  comma (U+002C)
Шаблон:Script  full stop (U+002E)
Шаблон:Script  exclamation mark (U+0021)

Gallery

Old Bulgarian examples

Medieval Greek Uncial manuscripts from which early Cyrillic letter forms take their shapes

Early Cyrillic manuscripts

See also

Шаблон:Commons-inline

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

  • Berdnikov, Alexander and Olga Lapko, Шаблон:Cite web, EuroTEX '99 Proceedings, September 1999
  • Birnbaum, David J., Шаблон:Cite web, September 28, 2002
  • Cubberley, Paul (1996) "The Slavic Alphabets". In Daniels and Bright, below.
  • Daniels, Peter T., and William Bright, eds. (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Everson, Michael and Ralph Cleminson, Шаблон:Cite web, September 4, 2003
  • Franklin, Simon. 2002. Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus, c. 950–1300. Cambridge University Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Iliev, I. Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet. Plovdiv. 2012/Иван Г. Илиев. Кратка история на кирилската азбука. Пловдив. 2012. Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet
  • Lev, V., "The history of the Ukrainian script (paleography)", in Ukraine: a concise encyclopædia, volume 1. University of Toronto Press, 1963, 1970, 1982. Шаблон:ISBN
  • Simovyc, V., and J. B. Rudnyckyj, "The history of Ukrainian orthography", in Ukraine: a concise encyclopædia, volume 1 (op cit).
  • Zamora, J., Help me learn Church Slavonic
  • Azbuka, Church Slavonic calligraphy and typography.
  • Obshtezhitie.net, Cyrillic and Glagolitic manuscripts and early printed books.

External links

Шаблон:European calligraphy Шаблон:List of writing systems

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09 1,10 1,11 1,12 1,13 1,14 1,15 1,16 1,17 1,18 1,19 1,20 1,21 1,22 1,23 1,24 1,25 1,26 1,27 1,28 1,29 1,30 1,31 1,32 1,33 1,34 1,35 1,36 1,37 1,38 1,39 1,40 1,41 1,42 1,43 1,44 1,45 1,46 1,47 1,48 1,49 1,50 1,51 1,52 1,53 1,54 1,55 1,56 1,57 Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Cubberley 1994
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Провежда се международна конференция в гр. Опака за св. Антоний от Крепчанския манастир. Добротолюбие – Център за християнски, църковно-исторически и богословски изследвания, 15.10.2021.
  7. ↑ Steven Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, Appendix IX – The Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets, (G. Bell & Sons, London 1930)
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 8,5 8,6 8,7 Auty, R. Handbook of Old Church Slavonic, Part II: Texts and Glossary. 1977.
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Памятники Старославянскаго языка / Е. Ѳ. Карскій. — СПб. : Типографія Императорской Академіи наукъ, 1904. — Т. I, с. 14. — Репринт
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Berdnikov and Lapko 2003, p. 12
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Early_Cyrillic_alphabet&oldid=14428756