Английская Википедия:Early Cyrillic alphabet
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The Early Cyrillic alphabet, also called classical Cyrillic or paleo-Cyrillic, is an alphabetic writing system that was developed in Medieval Bulgaria in the Preslav Literary School during the late 9th century. It is used to write the Church Slavonic language, and was historically used for its ancestor, Old Church Slavonic. It was also used for other languages, but between the 18th and 20th centuries was mostly replaced by the modern Cyrillic script, which is used for some Slavic languages (such as Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Russian, Rusyn, Ukrainian), and for East European and Asian languages that have experienced a great amount of Russian cultural influence.
History
The earliest form of manuscript Cyrillic, known as ustav, was based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and by letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek.[1]
The Glagolitic alphabet was created by the monk Saint Cyril, possibly with the aid of his brother Saint Methodius, around 863.[1] Most scholars agree that Cyrillic, on the other hand, was created by Cyril's students at the Preslav Literary School in the 890s as a more suitable script for church books, based on uncial Greek but retaining some Glagolitic letters for sounds not present in Greek.[2][3][4][5] At the time, the Preslav Literary School was the most important early literary and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire and of all Slavs:[4]
Unlike the Churchmen in Ohrid, Preslav scholars were much more dependent upon Greek models and quickly abandoned the Glagolitic scripts in favor of an adaptation of the Greek uncial to the needs of Slavic, which is now known as the Cyrillic alphabet.
The earliest Cyrillic texts are found in northeastern Bulgaria, in the vicinity of Preslav—the Krepcha inscription, dating back to 921,[6] and a ceramic vase from Preslav, dating back to 931.[4] Moreover, unlike the other literary centre in the First Bulgarian Empire, the Ohrid Literary School, which continued to use Glagolitic well into the 12th century, the School at Preslav was using Cyrillic in the early 900s.[7] The systematization of Cyrillic may have been undertaken at the Council of Preslav in 893, when the Old Church Slavonic liturgy was adopted by the First Bulgarian Empire.[8]
American scholar Horace Lunt has alternatively suggested that Cyrillics emerged in the border regions of Greek proselytization to the Slavs before it was codified and adapted by some systematizer among the Slavs. The oldest Cyrillic manuscripts look very similar to 9th and 10th century Greek uncial manuscripts,[1] and the majority of uncial Cyrillic letters were identical to their Greek uncial counterparts.[8]
The Cyrillic alphabet was very well suited for the writing of Old Church Slavic, generally following a principle of "one letter for one significant sound", with some arbitrary or phonotactically-based exceptions.[1] Particularly, this principle is violated by certain vowel letters, which represent Шаблон:IPA plus the vowel if they are not preceded by a consonant.[1] It is also violated by a significant failure to distinguish between /ji/ and /jĭ/ orthographically.[1] There was no distinction of capital and lowercase letters, though manuscript letters were rendered larger for emphasis, or in various decorative initial and nameplate forms.[2] Letters served as numerals as well as phonetic signs; the values of the numerals were directly borrowed from their Greek-letter analogues.[1] Letters without Greek equivalents mostly had no numeral values, whereas one letter, koppa, had only a numeric value with no phonetic value.[1]
Since its creation, the Cyrillic script has adapted to changes in spoken language and developed regional variations to suit the features of national languages. It has been the subject of academic reforms and political decrees. Variations of the Cyrillic script are used to write languages throughout Eastern Europe and Asia.
The form of the Russian alphabet underwent a change when Tsar Peter the Great introduced the civil script (Шаблон:Lang-ru, or Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang), in contrast to the prevailing church typeface, (Шаблон:Lang-ru) in 1708. (The two forms are sometimes distinguished as paleo-Cyrillic and neo-Cyrillic.) Some letters and breathing marks which were used only for historical reasons were dropped. Medieval letterforms used in typesetting were harmonized with Latin typesetting practices, exchanging medieval forms for Baroque ones, and skipping the western European Renaissance developments. The reform subsequently influenced Cyrillic orthographies for most other languages. Today, the early orthography and typesetting standards remain in use only in Church Slavonic.
A comprehensive repertoire of early Cyrillic characters has been included in the Unicode standard since version 5.1, published April 4, 2008. These characters and their distinctive letterforms are represented in specialized computer fonts for Slavistics. Шаблон:Gallery [9]
Alphabet
Image | Unicode | Name (Cyrillic) |
Name (translit.) |
Name (IPA) |
Translit. international system[1][10] | Translit. ALA-LC[11] | IPA | Numeric value | Origin | Meaning of name | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Azu.svg | А а | Шаблон:Script | azŭ | Шаблон:IPA | a | a | Шаблон:IPA | 1 | Greek alpha Α | I | Pronounced Шаблон:IPA after a palatal consonant |
Файл:Early Cyrillic letter Buky.svg | Б б | Шаблон:Script | buky | Шаблон:IPA | b | b | Шаблон:IPA | Greek beta in Thera form Шаблон:GrGl | letters | ||
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Vedi.svg | В в | Шаблон:Script | vědě | Шаблон:IPA | v | v | Шаблон:IPA | 2 | Greek Beta Β | know | |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Glagol.svg | Г г | Шаблон:Script | glagoli | Шаблон:IPA | g | g | Шаблон:IPA[1] | 3 | Greek Gamma Γ | speak | When marked with a palatalization mark, this letter is pronounced Шаблон:IPA; this occurs only rarely, and only in borrowings.[1] |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Dobro.svg | Д д | Шаблон:Script | dobro | Шаблон:IPA | d | d | Шаблон:IPA | 4 | Greek Delta Δ | good | |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Est.svg | Є є | Шаблон:Script | estŭ | Шаблон:IPA | e | e | Шаблон:IPA | 5 | Greek Epsilon Ε | is | Pronounced Шаблон:IPA (was used interchangeably with ѥ) when not preceded by a consonant.[1] |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Zhivete.svg | Ж ж | Шаблон:Script | živěte | Шаблон:IPA | ž | zh | Шаблон:IPA | Glagolitic Zhivete Ⰶ | live | ||
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Zelo.svg | Ѕ ѕ | Шаблон:Script | dzělo | Шаблон:IPA | dz/ʒ | ż | Шаблон:IPA | 6 | Greek Stigma Ϛ | very | The form ꙃ had the phonetic value Шаблон:IPA and no numeral value, whereas the form ѕ was used only as a numeral and had no phonetic value.[1] Since the 12th century, ѕ came to be used instead of ꙃ.[12][13] In many manuscripts з is used instead, suggesting lenition had taken place.[1] |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Zemlia.svg | З з | Шаблон:Script | zemlja | Шаблон:IPA | z | z | Шаблон:IPA | 7 | Greek Zeta Ζ | earth | The first form developed into the second. |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Izhe.svg | И и | Шаблон:Script | iže | Шаблон:IPA | i | и=i, й=ĭ | Шаблон:IPA | 8 | Greek Eta Η | which | Pronounced Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA when not preceded by a consonant and not the particle ‹i› ("and"); the orthography does not distinguish between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.[1] Speculatively, this letter might have originally been intended to represent Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.[1] |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Izhei.svg | І і | Шаблон:Script | i | Шаблон:IPA | i | ī | Шаблон:IPA | 10 | Greek Iota Ι | and | Pronounced Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA when not preceded by a consonant and not the particle ‹i› ("and"); the orthography does not distinguish between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.[1] Speculatively, this letter might have originally been intended to represent Шаблон:IPA.[1] |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Kako.svg | К к | Шаблон:Script | kako | Шаблон:IPA | k | k | Шаблон:IPA | 20 | Greek Kappa Κ | as | When marked with a palatalization mark, this letter is pronounced Шаблон:IPA; this occurs only rarely, and only in borrowings.[1] |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Ludi.svg | Л л | Шаблон:Script | ljudije | Шаблон:IPA | l | l | Шаблон:IPA; sometimes Шаблон:IPA[1] | 30 | Greek Lambda Λ | people | When marked with a palatalization mark or followed by a palatalizing vowel (ю, ѭ, or ꙗ, and sometimes ѣ), this letter is pronounced Шаблон:IPA; some manuscripts do not mark palatalization, in which case it must be inferred from context.[1] |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Myslete.svg | М м | Шаблон:Script | myslite | Шаблон:IPA | m | m | Шаблон:IPA | 40 | Greek Mu Μ | think | |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Nash.svg | Н н | Шаблон:Script | našĭ | Шаблон:IPA | n | n | Шаблон:IPA; sometimes Шаблон:IPA[1] | 50 | Greek Nu Ν | ours | When marked with a palatalization mark or followed by a palatalizing vowel (ю, ѭ, or ꙗ, and sometimes ѣ), this letter is pronounced Шаблон:IPA; some manuscripts do not mark palatalization, in which case it must be inferred from context.[1] |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Onu.svg | О о | Шаблон:Script | onŭ | Шаблон:IPA | o | o | Шаблон:IPA | 70 | Greek Omicron Ο | he/it | |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Pokoi.svg | П п | Шаблон:Script | pokoi | Шаблон:IPA | p | p | Шаблон:IPA | 80 | Greek Pi Π | peace/calm | |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Rtsi.svg | Р р | Шаблон:Script | rĭci | Шаблон:IPA | r | r | Шаблон:IPA; sometimes Шаблон:IPA[1] | 100 | Greek Rho Ρ | say | When marked with a palatalization mark or followed by a palatalizing vowel (ю or ѭ), this letter is pronounced Шаблон:IPA; some manuscripts do not mark palatalization, in which case it must be inferred from context.[1] This palatalization was lost rather early in South Slavic speech.[1] |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Slovo.svg | С с | Шаблон:Script | slovo | Шаблон:IPA | s | s | Шаблон:IPA | 200 | Greek lunate Sigma Ϲ | word/speech | |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Tverdo.svg | Т т | Шаблон:Script | tvrĭdo | Шаблон:IPA | t | t | Шаблон:IPA | 300 | Greek Tau Τ | hard/surely | |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Uk.svg | Оу оу | Шаблон:Script | ukŭ | Шаблон:IPA | u | оу=u, ꙋ=ū | Шаблон:IPA | Greek Omicron-Upsilon ΟΥ / Ꙋ | learning | The first form developed into the second, a vertical ligature. A less common alternative form was a digraph with izhitsa: Оѵ оѵ. | |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Fert.svg | Ф ф | Шаблон:Script | frĭtŭ | Шаблон:IPA | f | f | Шаблон:IPA or possibly Шаблон:IPA[1] | 500 | Greek Phi Φ | This letter was not needed for Slavic but used to transcribe Greek Φ and Latin ph and f.[1] It was probably, but not certainly, pronounced as Шаблон:IPA rather than Шаблон:IPA; however, in some cases it has been found as a transcription of Greek π.[1] | |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Kher.svg | Х х | Шаблон:Script | xěrŭ | Шаблон:IPA | ch/x | kh | Шаблон:IPA | 600 | Greek Chi Χ | When marked with a palatalization mark, this letter is pronounced Шаблон:IPA; this occurs only rarely, and only in borrowings.[1] | |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Omega.svg | Ѡ ѡ | Шаблон:Script | otŭ | Шаблон:IPA | o/v | ѡ=ō, ѿ=ō͡t | Шаблон:IPA | 800 | Greek Omega ω | from | This letter was rarely used, mostly appearing in the interjection "oh", in the preposition ‹otŭ›, in Greek transcription, and as a decorative capital.[1] |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Tsi.svg | Ц ц | Шаблон:Script | ci | Шаблон:IPA | c | t͡s | Шаблон:IPA | 900 | Glagolitic Tsi Ⱌ | See also: Ꙡ ꙡ. | |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Cherv.svg | Ч ч | Шаблон:Script | črĭvĭ | Шаблон:IPA | č | ch | Шаблон:IPA | 90 | Glagolitic Cherv Ⱍ | worm | This letter replaced koppa as the numeral for 90 after about 1300.[1] |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Sha.svg | Ш ш | Шаблон:Script | ša | Шаблон:IPA | š | sh | Шаблон:IPA | Glagolitic Sha Ⱎ | |||
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Shta.svg | Щ щ | Шаблон:Script | šta | Шаблон:IPA | št | sht | Шаблон:IPA | Glagolitic Shta Ⱋ | This letter varied in pronunciation from region to region; it may have originally represented the reflexes of Шаблон:IPA.[1] It was sometimes replaced by the digraph шт.[1] Pronounced Шаблон:IPA in Old East Slavic. Later analyzed as a Ш-Т ligature by folk etymology, but neither the Cyrillic nor the Glagolitic glyph originated as such a ligature.[1] | ||
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Back-Yer.svg | Ъ ъ | Шаблон:Script | jerŭ | Шаблон:IPA | ъ/ŭ | ″, omit at end of a word | Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA[1] | Glagolitic Yer Ⱏ[8] | After č, š, ž, c, dz, št, and žd, this letter was pronounced identically to ь instead of its normal pronunciation.[1] | ||
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Yery.svg | Ꙑ ꙑ | Шаблон:Script | jery | Шаблон:IPA | y | ы=ȳ, ꙑ=y, | Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA[1] | Ъ + І ligature. | Ꙑ was the more common form; rarely, a third form, ы, appears.[1] | ||
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Yer.svg | Ь ь | Шаблон:Script | jerĭ | Шаблон:IPA | ь/ĭ | ′ | Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA[1] | Glagolitic Yerj Ⱐ[8] | |||
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Yat.svg | Ѣ ѣ | Шаблон:Script | ětĭ | Шаблон:IPA | ě | ě | Шаблон:IPA[1] | Glagolitic yat Ⱑ[8] | In western South Slavic dialects of Old Church Slavonic, this letter had a more closed pronunciation, perhaps Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA.[1] This letter was written only after a consonant; in all other positions, ꙗ was used instead.[1] An exceptional document is Pages of Undolski, where ѣ is used instead of ꙗ. | ||
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Iotated-A.svg | Ꙗ ꙗ | Шаблон:Script | ja | Шаблон:IPA | ja | i͡a | Шаблон:IPA | І-А ligature | This letter was probably not present in the original Cyrillic alphabet.[8] | ||
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Iotated-E.svg | Ѥ ѥ | Шаблон:Script | je | Шаблон:IPA | je | i͡e | Шаблон:IPA | І-Є ligature | This letter was probably not present in the original Cyrillic alphabet.[8] | ||
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Yu.svg | Ю ю | Шаблон:Script | ju | Шаблон:IPA | ju | i͡u | Шаблон:IPA | І-ОУ ligature, dropping У | There was no Шаблон:IPA sound in early Slavic, so І-ОУ did not need to be distinguished from І-О. After č, š, ž, c, dz, št, and žd, this letter was pronounced Шаблон:IPA, without iotation. | ||
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Big-Yus.svg | Ѫ ѫ | Шаблон:Script | ǫsŭ | Шаблон:IPA | ǫ | ǫ | Шаблон:IPA | Glagolitic Ons Ⱘ | Called юсъ большой (big yus) in Russian. | ||
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Iotated-Big-Yus.svg | Ѭ ѭ | Шаблон:Script | jǫsŭ | Шаблон:IPA | jǫ | i͡ǫ | Шаблон:IPA | І-Ѫ ligature | After č, š, ž, c, dz, št, and žd, this letter was pronounced Шаблон:IPA, without iotation. Called юсъ большой йотированный (iotated big yus) in Russian. | ||
Файл:Early Cyrillic letter Yusu Maliy.svg | Ѧ ѧ | Шаблон:Script | ęsŭ | Шаблон:IPA | ę | ę | Шаблон:IPA | 900 | Glagolitic Ens Ⱔ | Pronounced Шаблон:IPA when not preceded by a consonant.[1] Called юсъ малый (little yus) in Russian. | |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Iotated-Lesser-Yus.svg | Ѩ ѩ | Шаблон:Script | jęsŭ | Шаблон:IPA | ję | i͡ę | Шаблон:IPA | І-Ѧ ligature | This letter does not exist in the oldest (South Slavic) Cyrillic manuscripts, but only in East Slavic ones.[1] It was probably not present in the original Cyrillic alphabet.[8] Called юсъ малый йотированный (iotated little yus) in Russian. | ||
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Ksi.svg | Ѯ ѯ | Шаблон:Script | ksi | Шаблон:IPA | ks | k͡s | Шаблон:IPA | 60 | Greek Xi Ξ | xi (letter name) | These two letters were not needed for Slavic but were used to transcribe Greek and as numerals. |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Psi.svg | Ѱ ѱ | Шаблон:Script | psi | Шаблон:IPA | ps | p͡s | Шаблон:IPA | 700 | Greek Psi Ψ | psi (letter name) | |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Fita.svg | Ѳ ѳ | Шаблон:Script | fita | Шаблон:IPA | t/f/th | ḟ | Шаблон:IPA, or Шаблон:IPA, or possibly Шаблон:IPA | 9 | Greek Theta Θ | theta (letter name) | This letter was not needed for Slavic but was used to transcribe Greek and as a numeral. It seems to have been generally pronounced Шаблон:IPA, as the oldest texts sometimes replace instances of it with т.[1] Normal Old Church Slavonic pronunciation probably did not have a phone Шаблон:IPA.[1] |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Izhitsa.svg | Ѵ ѵ | Шаблон:Script | ižica | Шаблон:IPA | i,ü | ѷ=ẏ, ѵ=v̇ | Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA | 400 | Greek Upsilon Υ | small yoke/Izhe | This letter was used to transcribe Greek upsilon and as a numeral. It also formed part of the digraph оѵ. |
Файл:Early-Cyrillic-letter-Koppa.svg | Ҁ ҁ | Шаблон:Script | kopa | Шаблон:IPA | — | none | 90 | Greek Koppa Ϙ | koppa (letter name) | This letter had no phonetic value, and was used only as a numeral. After about 1300, it was replaced as a numeral by črĭvĭ.[1] |
In addition to the basic letters, there were a number of scribal variations, combining ligatures, and regionalisms used, all of which varied over time.
Sometimes the Greek letters that were used in Cyrillic mainly for their numeric value are transcribed with the corresponding Greek letters for accuracy: ѳ = θ, ѯ = ξ, ѱ = ψ, ѵ = υ, and ѡ = ω.[10]
Numerals, diacritics and punctuation
Each letter had a numeric value also, inherited from the corresponding Greek letter. A titlo over a sequence of letters indicated their use as a number; usually this was accompanied by a dot on either side of the letter.[1] In numerals, the ones place was to the left of the tens place, the reverse of the order used in modern Arabic numerals.[1] Thousands are formed using a special symbol, Шаблон:Script (U+0482), which was attached to the lower left corner of the numeral.[1] Many fonts display this symbol incorrectly as being in line with the letters instead of subscripted below and to the left of them.
Titlos were also used to form abbreviations, especially of nomina sacra; this was done by writing the first and last letter of the abbreviated word along with the word's grammatical endings, then placing a titlo above it.[1] Later manuscripts made increasing use of a different style of abbreviation, in which some of the left-out letters were superscripted above the abbreviation and covered with a pokrytie diacritic.[1]
Several diacritics, adopted from Polytonic Greek orthography, were also used, but were seemingly redundant[1] (these may not appear correctly in all web browsers; they are supposed to be directly above the letter, not off to its upper right):
- Шаблон:Script trema, diaeresis (U+0308)
- Шаблон:Script varia (grave accent), indicating stress on the last syllable (U+0300)
- Шаблон:Script oksia (acute accent), indicating a stressed syllable (Unicode U+0301)
- Шаблон:Script titlo, indicating abbreviations, or letters used as numerals (U+0483)
- Шаблон:Script kamora (circumflex accent), indicating palatalizationШаблон:Citation needed (U+0484); in later Church Slavonic, it disambiguates plurals from homophonous singulars.
- Шаблон:Script dasia or dasy pneuma, rough breathing mark (U+0485)
- Шаблон:Script psili, zvatel'tse, or psilon pneuma, soft breathing mark (U+0486). Signals a word-initial vowel, at least in later Church Slavonic.
- Шаблон:Script Combined zvatel'tse and varia is called apostrof.
- Шаблон:Script Combined zvatel'tse and oksia is called iso.
- Шаблон:Script Шаблон:Ill or payerok (U+A67D, U+033E), indicating an omitted 'jerŭ' (ъ) after a letter.[14]
Punctuation systems in early Cyrillic manuscripts were primitive: there was no space between words and no upper and lower case, and punctuation marks were used inconsistently in all manuscripts.[1]
- Шаблон:Script ano teleia (U+0387), a middle dot used to separate phrases, words, or parts of words[1]
- Шаблон:Script Full stop, used in the same way[1]
- Шаблон:Script Armenian full stop (U+0589), resembling a colon, used in the same way[1]
- Шаблон:Script Georgian paragraph separator (U+10FB), used to mark off larger divisions
- Шаблон:Script triangular colon (U+2056, added in Unicode 4.1), used to mark off larger divisions
- Шаблон:Script diamond colon (U+2058, added in Unicode 4.1), used to mark off larger divisions
- Шаблон:Script quintuple colon (U+2059, added in Unicode 4.1), used to mark off larger divisions
- Шаблон:Script Greek question mark (U+037E), similar to a semicolon
Some of these marks are also used in Glagolitic script.
Used only in modern texts
- Шаблон:Script comma (U+002C)
- Шаблон:Script full stop (U+002E)
- Шаблон:Script exclamation mark (U+0021)
Gallery
Old Bulgarian examples
- Pictures of Old Bulgarian manuscripts and inscriptions
-
Bulgar translation of Manasses chronicle
Medieval Greek Uncial manuscripts from which early Cyrillic letter forms take their shapes
Early Cyrillic manuscripts
- Pictures of Old Church Slavonic weekly gospels (aprakos)
-
-
Andronikov Gospels
See also
- Relationship of Cyrillic and Glagolitic scripts
- Bosnian Cyrillic
- Romanian Cyrillic alphabet
- Reforms of Russian orthography
- Nationalism in the Middle Ages#Eastern Orthodox Church, Byzantium, Slavs and Greeks
References
Sources
- Berdnikov, Alexander and Olga Lapko, Шаблон:Cite web, EuroTEX '99 Proceedings, September 1999
- Birnbaum, David J., Шаблон:Cite web, September 28, 2002
- Cubberley, Paul (1996) "The Slavic Alphabets". In Daniels and Bright, below.
- Daniels, Peter T., and William Bright, eds. (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Everson, Michael and Ralph Cleminson, Шаблон:Cite web, September 4, 2003
- Franklin, Simon. 2002. Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus, c. 950–1300. Cambridge University Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Iliev, I. Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet. Plovdiv. 2012/Иван Г. Илиев. Кратка история на кирилската азбука. Пловдив. 2012. Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet
- Lev, V., "The history of the Ukrainian script (paleography)", in Ukraine: a concise encyclopædia, volume 1. University of Toronto Press, 1963, 1970, 1982. Шаблон:ISBN
- Simovyc, V., and J. B. Rudnyckyj, "The history of Ukrainian orthography", in Ukraine: a concise encyclopædia, volume 1 (op cit).
- Zamora, J., Help me learn Church Slavonic
- Azbuka, Church Slavonic calligraphy and typography.
- Obshtezhitie.net, Cyrillic and Glagolitic manuscripts and early printed books.
External links
- Old Cyrillic [Стара Славянска Език] text entry application
- Slavonic Computing Initiative
- churchslavonic – Typesetting documents in Church Slavonic language using Unicode
- fonts-churchslavonic – Fonts for typesetting in Church Slavonic language
- Church Slavonic Typography in Unicode (Unicode Technical Note no. 41), 2015-11-04, accessed 2023-01-04.
Шаблон:European calligraphy Шаблон:List of writing systems
- ↑ 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09 1,10 1,11 1,12 1,13 1,14 1,15 1,16 1,17 1,18 1,19 1,20 1,21 1,22 1,23 1,24 1,25 1,26 1,27 1,28 1,29 1,30 1,31 1,32 1,33 1,34 1,35 1,36 1,37 1,38 1,39 1,40 1,41 1,42 1,43 1,44 1,45 1,46 1,47 1,48 1,49 1,50 1,51 1,52 1,53 1,54 1,55 1,56 1,57 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Cubberley 1994
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Провежда се международна конференция в гр. Опака за св. Антоний от Крепчанския манастир. Добротолюбие – Център за християнски, църковно-исторически и богословски изследвания, 15.10.2021.
- ↑ Steven Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, Appendix IX – The Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets, (G. Bell & Sons, London 1930)
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 8,5 8,6 8,7 Auty, R. Handbook of Old Church Slavonic, Part II: Texts and Glossary. 1977.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Памятники Старославянскаго языка / Е. Ѳ. Карскій. — СПб. : Типографія Императорской Академіи наукъ, 1904. — Т. I, с. 14. — Репринт
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Berdnikov and Lapko 2003, p. 12
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