Английская Википедия:Earthly Branches
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Chinese Шаблон:Chinese
The twelve Earthly Branches or Terrestrial Branches[1] are a Chinese ordering system used throughout East Asia in various contexts, including its ancient dating system, astrological traditions, zodiac and ordinals.
Origin
This system was built from observations of the orbit of Jupiter. Chinese astronomers divided the celestial circle into 12 sections to follow the orbit of Шаблон:Lang Suìxīng (Jupiter, the Year Star). Astronomers rounded the orbit of Suixing to 12 years (from 11.86). Suixing was associated with Шаблон:Lang Shètí (η Boötis) and sometimes called Sheti.
Jonathan Smith has proposed that the first meanings of the earthly branches, predating the Shang dynasty, were phases of the moon, with the heavenly stems at that point referring to divisions of the ecliptic. After being adopted as a calendar these would have lost their clear lunar reference, permitting their repurposing for Jupiter stations.[2]
History
In correlative thinking, the 12 years of the Jupiter cycle also identify the 12 months of the year, 12 animals (mnemonics for the system), cardinal directions, seasons, and the 12 traditional Chinese units of time in the form of two-hour periods that each day was divided into. In this case an Earthly Branch can refer to a whole two-hour period, or to the exact time at its center. For instance Шаблон:Lang wǔshí can mean either noon or 11Шаблон:NbspamШаблон:Snd1Шаблон:Nbsppm. (The jiéqì system provided single hours and 15-degree arcs in time and space.)
Chinese seasons are based on observations of the sun and stars. Many Chinese calendrical systems have started the new year on the second new moon after the winter solstice.
The Earthly Branches are today used with the Heavenly Stems in the current version of the "traditional Chinese calendar" and in Taoism. The Ganzhi (Stem-Branch) combination is a fairly new way to mark time; in the second millennium BC, during the Shang era, the 10 Heavenly Stems provided the names of the days of the week. The Branches are as old as the Stems (and according to recent archaeology may actually be older), but the Stems were tied to the ritual calendars of Chinese kings.
Twelve branches
| Earthly Branch |
Chinese | Japanese | Ryukyuan (Okinawan) | Korean (RR) |
Mongolian | Manchu | Vietnamese | Chinese zodiac |
Japanese zodiac |
Direction | Season | Lunar Month | Double Hour | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mandarin Zhuyin |
Mandarin Pinyin |
Cantonese Jyutping |
Hokkien POJ |
Middle Chinese Baxter |
Old Chinese Baxter-Sagart |
on'yomi of Earthly Branch |
kun'yomi of Animal / Zodiac |
on'yomi of Earthly Branch |
Japanese-based kun'yomi of Animal / Zodiac |
native kunyomi of animal zodiac | ||||||||||||
| 1 | 子 | ㄗˇ | zǐ | zi2 | chú | tsiX | *[ts]əʔ | し (shi) | ね (ne) | し (shi) | にー (nii) | えんちゅ (enchu) | 자 (ja) | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | tí (SV: tử) | 鼠 Rat |
鼠 Rat |
0° (north) | winter | Month 11 | 11pm to 1am (midnight) |
| 2 | 丑 | ㄔㄡˇ | chǒu | cau2 | thiú | trhjuwX | *[n̥]ruʔ | ちゅう (chū) | うし (ushi) | ちゅー (chuu) | うし (ushi) | うし (ushi) | 축 (chuk) | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | sửu | 牛 Ox |
牛 Cow |
30° | Month 12 | 1am to 3am | |
| 3 | 寅 | ㄧㄣˊ | yín | jan4 | în | yin | *[ɢ](r)ər | いん (in) | とら (tora) | いん (in) | とぅら (tura) | とぅら (tura) | 인 (in) | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | dần | 虎 Tiger |
虎 Tiger |
60° | spring | Month 1 | 3am to 5am |
| 4 | 卯 | ㄇㄠˇ | mǎo | maau5 | báu | maewX | *mˤruʔ | ぼう (bō) | う (u) | ぼー (boo) | うー (uu) | うさじ (usaji) | 묘 (myo) | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | mão (non-SV: mẹo) | 兔 Rabbit |
兎 Rabbit |
90° (east) | Month 2 | 5am to 7am | |
| 5 | 辰 | ㄔㄣˊ | chén | san4 | sîn | dzyin | *[d]ər | しん (shin) | たつ (tatsu) | しん (shin) | たち (tachi) | りゅー (ryuu) | 진 (jin) | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | thìn (SV: thần) | 龙（龍） Dragon |
竜 (龍) Dragon |
120° | Month 3 | 7am to 9 am | |
| 6 | 巳 | ㄙˋ | sì | zi6 | sū | ziX | *s-[ɢ]əʔ | し (shi) | み (mi) | し (shi) | みー (mii) | はぶ (habu) | 사 (sa) | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | tị | 蛇 Snake |
蛇 Snake |
150° | summer | Month 4 | 9am to 11am |
| 7 | 午 | ㄨˇ | wǔ | ng5 | ngó͘ | nguX | *[m].qʰˤaʔ | ご (go) | うま (uma) | ぐ (gu) | うま (uma) | んま ('nma) | 오 (o) | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | ngọ | 马（馬） Horse |
馬 Horse |
180° (south) | Month 5 | 11am to 1pm (noon) | |
| 8 | 未 | ㄨㄟˋ | wèi | mei6 | bī | mjɨjH | *m[ə]t-s | び (bi) | ひつじ (hitsuji) | び (bi) | ふぃちじ (fichiji) | ふぃーじゃー (fiijaa) | 미 (mi) | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | mùi (SV: vị) | 羊 Goat |
羊 Sheep |
210° | Month 6 | 1pm to 3pm | |
| 9 | 申 | ㄕㄣ | shēn | san1 | sin | syin | *l̥i[n] | しん (shin) | さる (saru) | しん (shin) | さーるー (saaruu) | さーるー (saaruu) | 신 (sin) | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | thân | 猴 Monkey |
猿 Monkey |
240° | autumn | Month 7 | 3pm to 5pm |
| 10 | 酉 | ㄧㄡˇ | yǒu | jau5 | iú | yuwX | *N-ruʔ | ゆう (yū) | とり (tori) | ゆー (yuu) | とぅい (tu'i) | とぅい (tu'i) | 유 (yu) | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | dậu | 鸡（雞） Rooster |
鶏 (鳥) Chicken |
270° (west) | Month 8 | 5pm to 7pm | |
| 11 | 戌 | ㄒㄩ | xū | seot1 | sut | swit | *s.mi[t] | じゅつ (jutsu) | いぬ (inu) | じゅつ (jutsu) | いん ('in) | いん ('in) | 술 (sul) | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | tuất | 狗 Dog |
犬 Dog |
300° | Month 9 | 7pm to 9pm | |
| 12 | 亥 | ㄏㄞˋ | hài | hoi6 | hāi | hojX | *[ɡ]ˤəʔ | がい (gai) | い (i) | げー (gee) | いー (yii) | やましし (yamashishi) | 해 (hae) | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | Шаблон:MongolUnicode | hợi | 猪（豬） Pig |
猪 Wild boar |
330° | winter | Month 10 | 9pm to 11pm |
Some cultures assign different animals: Vietnam replaces the Ox and Rabbit with the water buffalo and cat, respectively; Tibet replaces the Rooster with the bird. In the traditional Kazakh version of the 12 year animal cycle (Шаблон:Lang-kz, müşel), the Dragon is substituted by a snail (Шаблон:Lang-kz, ulw), and the Tiger appears as a leopard (Шаблон:Lang-kz, barıs).[3]
Directions
Though Chinese has words for the four cardinal directions, Chinese mariners and astronomers/astrologers preferred using the 12 directions of the Earthly Branches, which is somewhat similar to the modern-day practice of English-speaking pilots using o'clock for directions. Since 12 points were not enough for sailing, 12 midpoints were added. Instead of combining two adjacent direction names, they assigned new names:
- For the four diagonal directions, appropriate trigram names of I Ching were used.
- For the rest, the Heavenly Stems (1–4, 7–10) were used. According to the Five Elements theory, east is assigned to wood, and the Stems of wood are Шаблон:Lang (jiǎ) and Шаблон:Lang (yǐ). Thus, they were assigned clockwise to the two adjacent points of the east.
The 24 directions are:
| Character | Mandarin name | Cantonese name | Hokkien name | Korean name | Japanese name | Ryukyuan (Okinawan) | Vietnamese name | Direction | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 子 | ㄗˇ zǐ | zi2 | chú | 자 (ja) | ね (ne) | にー (nii) | tí (SV: tử) | 0° (north) |
| 2 | 癸 | ㄍㄨㄟˇ guǐ | gwai3 | kúi | 계 (gye) (SK: 규 (gyu)) | みずのと (mizunoto) | みんぬとぅ (minnutu) | quý | 15° |
| 3 | 丑 | ㄔㄡˇ chǒu | cau2 | thiú | 축 (chuk) (SK: 추 (chu)) | うし (ushi) | うし (ushi) | sửu | 30° |
| 4 | 艮 | ㄍㄣˋ gèn | gan3 | kùn | 간 (gan) | うしとら (ushitora) | うしとぅら (ushitura) | cấn | 45° (northeast) |
| 5 | 寅 | ㄧㄣˊ yín | jan4 | în | 인 (in) | とら (tora) | とぅら (tura) | dần | 60° |
| 6 | 甲 | ㄐㄧㄚˇ jiǎ | gaap3 | kap / kah | 갑 (gap) | きのえ (kinoe) | ちにー (chinii) | giáp | 75° |
| 7 | 卯 | ㄇㄠˇ mǎo | maau5 | báu | 묘 (myo) | う (u) | う (u) | mão (non-SV: mẹo) | 90° (east) |
| 8 | 乙 | ㄧˇ yǐ | jyut3 | it | 을 (eul) | きのと (kinoto) | ちぬとぅ(chinutu) | ất | 105° |
| 9 | 辰 | ㄔㄣˊ chén | san4 | sîn | 진 (jin) (SK: 신 (sin)) | たつ (tatsu) | たち (tachi) | thìn (SV: thần) | 120° |
| 10 | 巽 | ㄒㄩㄣˋ xùn | seon3 | sùn | 손 (son) | たつみ (tatsumi) | たちみー (tachimii) | tốn | 135° (southeast) |
| 11 | 巳 | ㄙˋ sì | zi6 | sū | 사 (sa) | み (mi) | みー (mii) | tị | 150° |
| 12 | 丙 | ㄅㄧㄥˇ bǐng | bing2 | péng | 병 (byeong) | ひのえ (hinoe) | ふぃにー (finii) | bính | 165° |
| 13 | 午 | ㄨˇ wǔ | ng5 | ngó͘ | 오 (o) | うま (uma) | うま (uma) | ngọ | 180° (south) |
| 14 | 丁 | ㄉㄧㄥ dīng | ding1 | teng | 정 (jeong) | ひのと (hinoto) | ふぃぬとぅ (finutu) | đinh | 195° |
| 15 | 未 | ㄨㄟˋ wèi | mei6 | bī | 미 (mi) | ひつじ (hitsuji) | ふぃちじ (fichiji) | mùi (SV: vị) | 210° |
| 16 | 坤 | ㄎㄨㄣ kūn | kwan1 | khun | 곤 (gon) | ひつじさる (hitsujisaru) | ふぃちじさーるー (fichijisaaruu) | khôn | 225° (southwest) |
| 17 | 申 | ㄕㄣ shēn | san1 | sin | 신 (sin) | さる (saru) | さーるー (saaruu) | thân | 240° |
| 18 | 庚 | ㄍㄥ gēng | gang1 | keng | 경 (gyeong) | かのえ (kanoe) | かにー (kanii) | canh | 255° |
| 19 | 酉 | ㄧㄡˇ yǒu | yau5 | iú | 유 (yu) | とり (tori) | とぅい (tu'i) | dậu | 270° (west) |
| 20 | 辛 | ㄒㄧㄣ xīn | san1 | sin | 신 (sin) | かのと (kanoto) | かぬとぅ (kanutu) | tân | 285° |
| 21 | 戌 | ㄒㄩ xū | seot | sut | 술 (sul) | いぬ (inu) | いん (in) | tuất | 300° |
| 22 | 乾 | ㄑㄧㄢˊ qián | kin4 | khiân | 건 (geon) | いぬい (inui) | いんいー (in'yii) | càn (SV: kiền) | 315° (northwest) |
| 23 | 亥 | ㄏㄞˋ hài | hoi6 | hāi | 해 (hae) | い (i) | いー (yii) | hợi | 330° |
| 24 | 壬 | ㄖㄣˊ rén | jam4 | jîm | 임 (im) | みずのえ (mizunoe) | みんにい (minnii) | nhâm | 345° |
Advanced mariners such as Zheng He used 48-point compasses. An additional midpoint was called by a combination of its two closest basic directions, such as Шаблон:Lang (bǐngwǔ) for the direction of 172.5°, the midpoint between Шаблон:Lang (bǐng), 165°, and Шаблон:Lang (wǔ), 180°.
Current usage
The terrestrial branches are still commonly used nowadays in Chinese counting systems similar to the way the alphabet is used in English. For example, names in legal documents and contracts where English speakers would use K, L, M, etc. Korea and Japan also use terrestrial branches on legal documents in this way.
Since the celestial stems and terrestrial branches combined only consist of 22 characters, the four final letters – W, X, Y, and Z – cannot be represented by any of the celestial stems and terrestrial branches, and those four letters are represented by '物', '天', '地', and '人', respectively, instead.[4]
In case of upper-case letters, the radical of '口' (the 'mouth' radical) may be added to the corresponding terrestrial branch or any of '物', '天', '地', and '人' to denote an upper-case letter.[4]
See also
References
External links
Шаблон:Calendars Шаблон:S&T in China Шаблон:Portal bar
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ А. Мухамбетова (A. Mukhambetova), Казахский традиционный календарь The traditional Kazakh calendar Шаблон:In lang
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 [1] (pages 147 and 148)
