Английская Википедия:East Bodish languages
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language family
The East Bodish languages are a small group of non-Tibetic Bodish languages spoken in eastern Bhutan and adjacent areas of Tibet and India. They include:
Overview
"Bod” (བོད) is the endonym for Tibet.
The term “East Bodish" first appeared in Shafer (1955).[1] He classified “Dwags” (Takpa) into the "East Bodish Unit" within the Bodish Branch of Sino-Tibetan.[2]
- Bodic Section
Michael Aris mentioned the “Bum-thang” language spoken in areas such as “Tongsa”, ”Mangdelung”, Kheng, and “Kurtö”, which retains “the most archaic features of all the Bhutanese languages”[3] However, anthropologist Kelzang Tashi treats Bumthang, Kheng, and Kurtöp as dialects of the language spoken by Üchogpa, which translates to the people of Central Bhutan[4]
The East Bodish languages do not share certain lexical innovations with Old Tibetan (e.g. Tibetan bdun; Takpa nis for ‘seven’).[5] The branch is not a subgroup of Tibetic as defined by Nicolas Tournadre.[6]
George van Driem initially proposed that 'Ole belonged to the group, but later decided that it belonged to a group of its own.[7]
Although the East Bodish languages are closely related, Tshangla and related languages of eastern Bhutan, also called "Monpa" and predating Dzongkha, form a sister branch not to the East Bodish group, but to its parent Bodish branch.[8][9] Thus the ambiguous term "Monpa" risks separating languages that should be grouped together, whereas grouping languages together that are quite distinct.[10] Zakhring is apparently also related, though strongly influenced by Miju or a similar language.[11]
Internal classification
Hyslop (2010)[12] classifies the East Bodish languages as follows.
- East Bodish
She regards the Dakpa–Dzala and Bumthangic subgroups as secure, and the placement of Phobjip and Chali as more tentative.[13]
Lu (2002) divides the "Menba language" (门巴语) into the following subdivisions:[14]
- Menba language
- Southern: 30,000 speakers in Cona County, Lhoka (Shannan) Prefecture, Tibet
- Mama dialect 麻玛土语: Mama Township 麻玛乡 (or 麻麻乡), Lebu District 勒布区
- Dawang dialect 达旺土语: Dawang Township 达旺镇, Mendawang District 门达旺地区
- Northern: 5,000 speakers in Mêdog County, Nyingchi Prefecture, Tibet
- Wenlang dialect 文浪土语: Wenlang Township 文浪乡, Dexing District 德兴区
- Banjin dialect 邦金土语: Bangjin District 邦金地区
- Southern: 30,000 speakers in Cona County, Lhoka (Shannan) Prefecture, Tibet
Reconstruction
Hyslop (2014)[15] reconstructs the following Proto-East Bodish forms. Шаблон:Refbegin
- *kwa ‘tooth’
- *kra ‘hair’
- *kak ‘blood’
- *kʰrat ‘waist’
- *lak ‘hand’
- *ná ‘nose’
- *pOskOm (?) ‘knee’
- *rOs ‘bone’
- *gO- ‘head’
- *mE- ‘eye’
- *kram ‘otter’
- *ta ‘horse’
- *kʰa- ‘hen’
- *wam ‘bear’
- *kʰwi ‘dog’
- *kʰaça ‘deer’
- *zV ‘eat’
- *ra ‘come’
- *gal ‘go’
- *lok ‘pour’
- *dot ‘sleep’
- *bi ‘give’
- *kʰar ‘white’
- *mla ‘arrow’
- *gor ‘stone’
- *kʰwe/*tsʰi ‘water’
- *rO (?) ‘wind’
- *On (?) ‘baby’
- *daŋ ‘yesterday’
- *néŋ ‘year’
- *da- ‘today’
- *tʰek ‘one’
- *sum ‘three’
- *ble ‘four’
- *laŋa ‘five’
- *grok ‘six’
- *nís ‘seven’
- *gʲat ‘eight’
- *dOgO ‘nine’
- *kʰal(tʰek) ‘twenty’
- *ŋa ‘1.SG’
- *i/*nVn ‘2.SG’
- *kʰi/*ba ‘3.SG’
- *-ma ‘FUT’
- *lo ‘Q.COP’
Additional reconstructions can be found in Hyslop (2016).[16]
Further reading
References
Шаблон:Bodic languages Шаблон:Sino-Tibetan branches
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite thesis
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite thesis
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Hyslop, Gwendolyn. 2010. On the internal phylogeny of East Bodish. Paper presented at the 5th NEILS meeting, Gauhati University 12–14 February 2010.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Hyslop, Gwendolyn. 2016. East Bodish reconstructions in a comparative light Шаблон:Webarchive. Fourth Workshop on Sino-Tibetan Languages of Southwest China (STLS-2016). University of Washington, Seattle, September 8–10, 2016.
