Английская Википедия:Eastern Armenian

Шаблон:History of the Armenian language Eastern Armenian (Шаблон:Lang-hy) is one of the two standardized forms of Modern Armenian, the other being Western Armenian. The two standards form a pluricentric language.

Eastern Armenian is spoken in Armenia, Russia, as well as Georgia, and by the Armenian community in Iran. Although the Eastern Armenian spoken by Armenians in Armenia and Iranian-Armenians are similar, there are pronunciation differences with different inflections.^[1] Armenians from Iran also have some words that are unique to them. Due to migrations of speakers from Armenia and Iran to the Armenian diaspora, the dialect is now very prominent in countries and regions where only Western Armenian was used. Eastern Armenian is based on the Yerevan dialect.

Official status and recognition

Eastern Armenian is, for the most part, mutually intelligible by educated or literate users of Western Armenian – and vice versa. Conversely, semi-literate or illiterate users of lower registers of either variety may have difficulty understanding the other.

The official language, according to law, of Armenia is an unspecified "Armenian".^[2] In practice, however, Eastern Armenian is the de facto, day-to-day common language of Armenia. For example, commercial translations are generally completed in Eastern Armenian.

Until 2018, both varieties shared the same ISO 639-3 code: hye. However, on 23 January 2018, a code specifically for Western Armenian was added to ISO 639-3: hyw. (The previous code under ISO 639-1 was hy.)

The Armenian Wikipedia is predominantly composed of Eastern Armenian content. As a result of the amendment to ISO 639-3, a campaign to create a separate Wikipedia for Western Armenian has been approved. This has resulted in separate Wikipedia sites for Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian.

Phonology

Vowels

Monophthongs

Eastern Armenian has six monophthong vowel sounds.

	Front	Central	Back
	Front	Central	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	Шаблон:IPA link (ի)			Шаблон:IPA link (ու)
Mid	Шаблон:IPA link (ե, է)^[3]	Шаблон:IPA link (ը)		Шаблон:IPA link (ո, օ)^[3]
Open			Шаблон:IPA link (ա)

Consonants

This is the Eastern Armenian Consonantal System using symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), followed by the corresponding Armenian letter in parentheses.

		Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		Шаблон:IPA link (մ)		Шаблон:IPA link (ն)			⟨ŋ⟩
Stop	aspirated	Шаблон:IPA link (փ)		Шаблон:IPA link (թ)			Шаблон:IPA link (ք)
	voiceless^[4]	Шаблон:IPA link (պ)		Шаблон:IPA link (տ)			Шаблон:IPA link (կ)
	voiced	Шаблон:IPA link (բ)		Шаблон:IPA link (դ)			Шаблон:IPA link (գ)
Affricate	aspirated			Шаблон:IPA link (ց)	Шаблон:IPA link (չ)
	voiceless			Шаблон:IPA link (ծ)	Шаблон:IPA link (ճ)
	voiced			Шаблон:IPA link (ձ)	Шаблон:IPA link (ջ)
Fricative	voiceless		Шаблон:IPA link (ֆ)	Шаблон:IPA link (ս)	Шаблон:IPA link (շ)			Шаблон:IPA link (խ)	Шаблон:IPA link (հ, յ)^[5]
Fricative	voiced		Шаблон:IPA link (վ, ւ, ու, ո)^[6]	Шаблон:IPA link (զ)	Шаблон:IPA link (ժ)			Шаблон:IPA link (ղ)
Approximant			⟨ʋ⟩	Шаблон:IPA link~Шаблон:IPA link (ր)^[7]		Шаблон:IPA link (յ, ե, ի, է)^[8]
Tap				Шаблон:IPA link~Шаблон:IPA link (ր)^[7]
Trill				Шаблон:IPA link (ռ)
Lateral				Шаблон:IPA link (լ)

Some of the dialects may release the voiceless stops and affricates as ejectives.^[9]

Notes

The phonology of Eastern Armenian preserves the Classical Armenian three-way distinction in stops and affricates: one voiced, one voiceless and one aspirated. Compare this to the phonology of the Western Armenian language, which has kept only a two-way distinction: one voiced and one aspirated. (See the Differences in Phonology from Classical Armenian in the Western Armenian language article for details.)

Some Eastern Armenian words contain voiced stop letters pronounced as voiceless aspirated stops, like Western Armenian. For instance, թագավոր (king) is Шаблон:IPA, not Шаблон:IPA; other examples are ձիգ (Шаблон:IPA), ձագ (Шаблон:IPA), կարգ (Шаблон:IPA), դադար (Шаблон:IPA), վարագույր (Шаблон:IPA).

Orthography

The Eastern Armenian language is written using either Traditional Armenian Orthography or Reformed Armenian Orthography. The controversial reformed orthography was developed during the 1920s in Soviet Armenia and is in widespread use today by Eastern Armenian speakers in Armenia and those in the diaspora that are from Armenia. Eastern Armenian speakers in Iran continue to use the traditional orthography. Nevertheless, writings of either form are mutually intelligible, since the difference between the two orthographies is not large.

Morphology

Pronouns

Шаблон:Armenian personal pronoun table

Armenian has T-V distinction, with Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang used informally and capitalized Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang as the polite forms.

Nouns

Eastern Armenian nouns have seven cases, one more than Western Armenian. They are: nominative (subject), accusative (direct object), genitive (possession), dative (indirect object), ablative (origin), instrumental (means) and locative (position) Of the seven cases, the nominative and accusative, with exceptions, are the same, and the genitive and dative are the same, meaning that nouns have mostly five distinct forms for case. Nouns in Armenian also decline for number (singular and plural), but do not decline for gender (i.e. masculine or feminine).

Declension in Armenian is based on how the genitive is formed. There are several declensions, but two are the most used (genitive in i, and genitive in u):

Ablative	դաշտից Шаблон:IPA	դաշտերից Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
Instrumental	դաշտով Шаблон:IPA	դաշտերով Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
Locative	դաշտում Шаблон:IPA	դաշտերում Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA

Two notes:
First, notice that the Ablative form in Eastern Armenian is Шаблон:IPA, where it is -ê in Western Armenian:

Abl.sg WA karê/EA Шаблон:IPA

Second, notice that in Western Armenian, the plural forms followed the u-declension, while in Eastern Armenian the plural forms follow the i-declension:

Gen.pl WA karineru/EA Шаблон:IPA

Articles

Like some other languages such as English, Armenian has definite and indefinite articles. The indefinite article in Eastern Armenian is Шаблон:IPA, which precedes the noun:

Шаблон:IPA ('a book', Nom.sg), Шаблон:IPA ('of a book', Gen.sg)

The definite article is a suffix attached to the noun, and is one of two forms, either Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, depending on whether the final sound is a vowel or a consonant, and whether a following word begins with a vowel or consonant:

Шаблон:IPA ('the man', Nom.sg)
Шаблон:IPA ('the barley' Nom.sg)
but:
Шаблон:IPA ('This is the man')
Шаблон:IPA ('This is the barley')

Adjectives

Adjectives in Armenian do not decline for case or number, and precede the noun:

Шаблон:IPA ('the good book', Nom.sg)
Шаблон:IPA ('of the good book', Gen.sg)

Verbs

Verbs in Armenian are based on two basic series of forms, a "present" form and an "imperfect" form. From this, all other tenses and moods are formed with various particles and constructions. There is a third form, the preterite, which in Armenian is a tense in its own right, and takes no other particles or constructions. (See also Armenian verbs and Eastern Armenian verb table for more detailed information.)

The present tense in Eastern Armenian is based on two conjugations (a, e). In Eastern Armenian, the distinct conjugations in e and i merged as e.

	Шаблон:IPA 'to be'	Шаблон:IPA 'to love'	Шаблон:IPA 'to read'
present participle		Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA (I)	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA (you. sg)	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA (he/she/it)	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA (we)	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA (you.pl)	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA (they)	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA

The present tense (as we know it in English) is made by adding the present tense of linel after the present participle form of the verb:

Шаблон:IPA (I am reading the book)
Шаблон:IPA (I love that book)

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Dora Sakayan. (2007) Eastern Armenian for the English-speaking World. A Contrastive Approach (with CD-ROM). Yerevan State University Press. Шаблон:ISBN

External links

Eastern Armenian Online Dictionaries

Nayiri.com (Library of Armenian dictionaries):
- Armenian Explanatory Dictionary (ՀԱՅԵՐԷՆ ԲԱՑԱՏՐԱԿԱՆ ԲԱՌԱՐԱՆ) by Stepan Malkhasiants (about 130,000 entries). Written in traditional Armenian orthography. One of the definitive Armenian dictionaries.
- Explanatory Dictionary of Contemporary Armenian (ԺԱՄԱՆԱԿԱԿԻՑ ՀԱՅՈՑ ԼԵԶՎԻ ԲԱՑԱՏՐԱԿԱՆ ԲԱՌԱՐԱՆ) published by the Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences between 1969 and 1980. In Eastern Armenian, reformed orthography (about 125,000 headwords).
- Modern Armenian Explanatory Dictionary (ԱՐԴԻ ՀԱՅԵՐԵՆԻ ԲԱՑԱՏՐԱԿԱՆ ԲԱՌԱՐԱՆ) by Eduard Aghayan (about 135,600 headwords). In Eastern Armenian and reformed orthography.
- Armenian Language Thesaurus (ՀԱՅՈՑ ԼԵԶՎԻ ՀՈՄԱՆԻՇՆԵՐԻ ԲԱՌԱՐԱՆ) by Ashot Sukiasyan (about 83,000 entries). In Eastern Armenian and reformed orthography.

Шаблон:Armenian language Шаблон:Languages of Armenia Шаблон:Authority control

↑ Шаблон:Cite book
↑ Шаблон:Citation
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 The choice of Armenian symbol depends on the vowel's context in the word. See the Orthography section below for details.
↑ "In some publications, the voiceless plosives are also defined as ejectives or glottalised. Glottalised plosives occur in various Armenian dialects and can also be found in the Eastern Armenian vernacular based on the Yerevan dialect, but according to normative grammars, SMEA [Standard Modern Eastern Armenian] shows no glottalised voiceless plosives." Jasmine Dum-Tragut. Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian. London Oriental and African Language Library, 2007, Шаблон:Issn; p. 17
↑ In traditional orthography, Шаблон:IPA is written in one of two ways, depending on its context. In reformed orthography, Шаблон:IPA is written only one way, Шаблон:Angbr.
↑ In traditional orthography, Шаблон:IPA is written in one of four ways, depending on its context. In reformed orthography, Шаблон:IPA is written only one way, Шаблон:Angbr.
↑ In practice, only Iranian-Armenians say Шаблон:IPA; Eastern Armenians from Armenia have shifted the Classical Armenian Шаблон:IPA (ր) to Шаблон:IPA. Dolatian, Hossep, Sharifzadeh, Afsheen & Vaux, Bert. 2023. grammar of Iranian Armenian: Parskahayeren or Iranahayeren. Page 22
↑ In traditional orthography, Шаблон:IPA is written in a number of ways, depending on its context. In reformed orthography, Шаблон:IPA is written only one way, Шаблон:Angbr.
↑ Шаблон:Cite thesis

[Dolatian2023-1] Шаблон:Cite book

[2] Шаблон:Citation

[context_sensitive-3] 3,0 ^3,1 The choice of Armenian symbol depends on the vowel's context in the word. See the Orthography section below for details.

[noejectives-4] "In some publications, the voiceless plosives are also defined as ejectives or glottalised. Glottalised plosives occur in various Armenian dialects and can also be found in the Eastern Armenian vernacular based on the Yerevan dialect, but according to normative grammars, SMEA [Standard Modern Eastern Armenian] shows no glottalised voiceless plosives." Jasmine Dum-Tragut. Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian. London Oriental and African Language Library, 2007, Шаблон:Issn; p. 17

[5] In traditional orthography, Шаблон:IPA is written in one of two ways, depending on its context. In reformed orthography, Шаблон:IPA is written only one way, Шаблон:Angbr.

[6] In traditional orthography, Шаблон:IPA is written in one of four ways, depending on its context. In reformed orthography, Шаблон:IPA is written only one way, Шаблон:Angbr.

[7] In practice, only Iranian-Armenians say Шаблон:IPA; Eastern Armenians from Armenia have shifted the Classical Armenian Шаблон:IPA (ր) to Шаблон:IPA. Dolatian, Hossep, Sharifzadeh, Afsheen & Vaux, Bert. 2023. grammar of Iranian Armenian: Parskahayeren or Iranahayeren. Page 22

[8] In traditional orthography, Шаблон:IPA is written in a number of ways, depending on its context. In reformed orthography, Шаблон:IPA is written only one way, Шаблон:Angbr.

[9] Шаблон:Cite thesis

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