Английская Википедия:Ecclesiastical peerage of Thailand
Ecclesiastical peerages (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs; literally "ecclesiastical dignity") have traditionally been given to ordained members of the Thai sangha, the community of the Buddhist monks of Thailand.
Each ecclesiastical peer holds a rank (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs) and a title (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs). For example, Phra Dharma Kośācārya (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs) is the title of a monk holding the rank of phra ratchakhana (Шаблон:Lang-th) in the dharma class. In addition to an ecclesiastical peerage, a monk may also be known by a layname (name as a layperson) and a dharmic name.
Holders of certain ranks are given Шаблон:Ill (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs).
History
Шаблон:Update The custom of giving peerages to Buddhist priests originated in Sri LankaШаблон:R and is believed to have been practiced in Thailand since the time of the Sukhothai Kingdom, during which the Sri Lanka's sect of Buddhism known as Laṅkāvaṃśa (Шаблон:Lang-th) was prevalent in the region and it appears that Srī Śraddhā (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs), a nephew of King Pha Mueang, a local leader at that time, even travelled to the isle of Sri Lanka where he was ordained as a priest and was given a peerage.Шаблон:R Stone inscriptions of that time mention such ecclesiastical titles as Mahāthēra (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs) and Mahāsvāmī (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs).Шаблон:R
During the reign of King Mahathammaracha II of Sukhothai, the Buddhist community of Sukhothai was divided into two sects: araṇyavāsī (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs; literally "forest dwellers") and gāmavāsī (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs; literally "village dwellers"). The patriarchs of both sects held the title Mahāthēra.Шаблон:R
In the Ayutthaya Kingdom, the gāmavāsī sect was again divided into two subsects: the northern sect (Шаблон:Lang-th) and the southern sect (Шаблон:Lang-th). The patriarchs of the northern sect were styled Phra Vanaratna (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs) or Phra Banaratna (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs) and those of the southern sect were styled Phra Buddhaghoṣācārya (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs), whilst the patriarchs of the araṇyavāsī sect were styled Phra Buddhācārya (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs).Шаблон:R It is also believed that senior monks had been appointed by the monarch of Ayuthaya as supreme patriarchs in charge of the entire monastic community.Шаблон:R
In the subsequent kingdoms of Thon Buri and Rattanakosin, the same custom was practiced until the enactment of the Sangha Administration Statute 1902 (Шаблон:Lang-th) by King Rama V, which established a Sangha Supreme Council to nominate monks to the monarch to be appointed to peerages.Шаблон:R This is upheld in the present Sangha Act 1962 (Шаблон:Lang-th),Шаблон:R except the appointment of the supreme patriarch which has been amended in January 2017 to solely be at the monarch's pleasure in line with the previous tradition.Шаблон:R
Ranks and titles
At present, the ranks and titles given to members of the Thai sangha are as follows (from highest to lowest):Шаблон:R
Supreme patriarch
Supreme patriarch (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs) is the highest rank in the Thai sangha. A supreme patriarch who is a member of the royal family is called somdet phra sangkharat chao (Шаблон:Lang-th), whilst one who is a commoner is merely called somdet phra sangkharat.
At present, all the supreme patriarchs are appointed by the monarch of Thailand and are titled Ariyavaṃśāgatañāṇa (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs), prefixed by the honorific Somdet Phra (Шаблон:Lang-th).Шаблон:R
Somdet phra ratchakhana
Somdet phra ratchakhana (Шаблон:Lang-th) is the second highest rank in the Thai sangha after the supreme patriarch. At present, somdet phra ratchakhana are appointed by the monarch of Thailand and there can only be eight somdet phra ratchakhana: four from the Mahā Nikāya sect and the other four from the Dhammayuttika Nikāya sect.Шаблон:R
The titles for somdet phra ratchakhana, each prefixed by the honorific Somdet Phra (Шаблон:Lang-th), are as follows:
| Title | In Thai | |
|---|---|---|
| Vernacular | RTGS romanised | |
| Ariyavaṃśāgatañāṇa | อริยวงศาคตญาณ | Ariyawongsakhatayan |
| Buḍhācārya | พุฒาจารย์ | Phuthachan |
| Buddhaghoṣācārya | พุทธโฆษาจารย์ | Phutthakhosachan |
| Buddhajinavaṃṥa | พุทธชินวงศ์ | Phutthachinnawong |
| Buddhapābacanapatī | พุทธปาพจนบดี | Phutthapaphotchanabodi |
| Dhīrañāṇamunī | ธีรญาณมุนี | Thirayanamuni |
| Mahādhīrācārya | มหาธีราจารย์ | Mahathirachan |
| Mahāmunīvaṃṥa | มหามุนีวงศ์ | Mahamuniwong |
| Mahārajamaṇgalācārya | มหารัชมังคลาจารย์ | Maharatchamangkhalachan |
| Mahāvīravaṃṥa | มหาวีรวงศ์ | Mahawirawong |
| Ñāṇasaṃvara | ญาณสังวร | Yanasangwon |
| Ñāṇavarottama | ญาณวโรดม | Yanawarodom |
| Vajirañāṇavaṃṥa | วชิรญาณวงศ์ | Wachirayanawong |
| Vanarata | วันรัต | Wannarat |
Phra ratchakhana
Phra ratchakhana (Шаблон:Lang-th) is the third highest rank in the Thai sangha, divided into two classes: special (Шаблон:Lang-th) and ordinary (Шаблон:Lang-th).
At present, phra ratchakhana are appointed by the monarch of Thailand, except those in the saman yok group of the ordinary class who are appointed by the supreme patriarch.Шаблон:R
The title chao khun (Шаблон:Lang-th) is often used colloquially for monks with the rank of phra ratchakhana.Шаблон:R
Special classes
There are four special classes:
- Chao khana rong (Шаблон:Lang-th): 13 posts available for the Mahā Nikāya sect and 7 for the Dhammayuttika Nikāya sect, being 20 in total.Шаблон:R Members of this class have the honorific Phra (Шаблон:Lang-th) prefixed to their titles, such as:
| Title | In Thai | |
|---|---|---|
| Vernacular | RTGS romanised | |
| Phra Brahma Guṇābharaṇa | พระพรหมคุณาภรณ์ | Phra Phrom Khunaphon |
| Phra Brahma Munī | พระพรหมมุนี | Phra Phrom Muni |
| Phra Śāsanasobhaṇa | พระศาสนโสภณ | Phra Satsanasophon |
| Phra Sudharmādhipatī | พระสุธรรมาธิบดี | Phra Suthammathibodi |
- Dharma (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs): 30 posts available for Mahā Nikāya and 15 for Dhammayuttika Nikāya, being 45 in total.Шаблон:R Members of this class have the honorific Phra Dharma (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs) prefixed to their titles, such as:
| Title | In Thai | |
|---|---|---|
| Vernacular | RTGS romanised | |
| Phra Dharma Kośācārya | พระธรรมโกศาจารย์ | Phra Tham Kosachan |
| Phra Dharma Rājānuvatra | พระธรรมราชานุวัตร | Phra Tham Rachanuwat |
| Phra Dharma Śīlācārya | พระธรรมศีลาจารย์ | Phra Tham Silachan |
| Phra Dharma Visuddhimaṇgala | พระธรรมวิสุทธิมงคล | Phra Tham Wisutthimongkhon |
- Dēba (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs): 56 posts available for Mahā Nikāya and 30 for Dhammayuttika Nikāya, being 86 in total.Шаблон:R Members of this class have the honorific Phra Dēba (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs) prefixed to their titles, such as:
| Title | In Thai | |
|---|---|---|
| Vernacular | RTGS romanised | |
| Phra Dēba Guṇādhāra | พระเทพคุณาธาร | Phra Thep Khunathan |
| Phra Dēba Ñāṇamaṇgala | พระเทพญาณมงคล | Phra Thep Yanamongkhon |
| Phra Dēba Siddhācārya | พระเทพสิทธาจารย์ | Phra Thep Sitthachan |
| Phra Dēba Vidyāgama | พระเทพวิทยาคม | Phra Thep Witthayakhom |
- Rāja (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs): 135 posts available for Mahā Nikāya and 54 for Dhammayuttika Nikāya, being 189 in total.Шаблон:R Members of this class have the honorific Phra Rāja (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs) prefixed to their titles, such as:
| Title | In Thai | |
|---|---|---|
| Vernacular | RTGS romanised | |
| Phra Rāja Bhāvanavikrama | พระราชภาวนาวิกรม | Phra Rat Phawanawikrom |
| Phra Rāja Dharmanidēśa | พระราชธรรมนิเทศ | Phra Rat Thammanithet |
| Phra Rāja Sumēdhācārya | พระราชสุเมธาจารย์ | Phra Rat Sumethachan |
| Phra Rāja Visuddhiprajānātha | พระราชวิสุทธิประชานาถ | Phra Rat Wisut Prachanat |
Ordinary class
There are 477 posts available in the ordinary class, with 348 for Mahā Nikāya and 129 for Dhammayuttika Nikāya.Шаблон:R
Members of this class have the honorific Phra (Шаблон:Lang-th) prefixed to their titles, such as:
| Title | In Thai | |
|---|---|---|
| Vernacular | RTGS romanised | |
| Phra Cullanāyaka | พระจุลนายก | Phra Chunlanayok |
| Phra Ñāṇavisāla Thēra | พระญาณวิสาลเถร | Phra Yanawisan Thera |
| Phra Maṇgala Sundara | พระมงคลสุนทร | Phra Mongkhon Sunthon |
| Phra Siddhikāra Kośala | พระสิทธิการโกศล | Phra Sitthikan Koson |
Phra ratchakhana in the ordinary class are also divided into four groups:Шаблон:R
- Parian (Шаблон:Lang-th)
- Parian-equivalent (Шаблон:Lang-th)
- Vipassanā (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs)
- Saman yok (Шаблон:Lang-th)
Phra khru
Phra khru (Шаблон:Lang-th) is the lowest rank in the Thai sangha, divided into three classes:Шаблон:R
- Sanyabat (Шаблон:Lang-th): appointed by the monarch of Thailand in an unlimited number.
- Thananukrom (Шаблон:Lang-th): appointed by special-class phra ratchakhana in the number specified in the letter of appointment of each phra ratchakhana.
- Prathuan (Шаблон:Lang-th): appointed by the Thai sangha in an unlimited number.
Holders of this rank have the honorific Phra Khru prefixed to their titles, such as:
| Title | In Thai | |
|---|---|---|
| Vernacular | RTGS romanised | |
| Phra Khru Ñāṇasāgara | พระครูญาณสาคร | Phra Khru Yanasakhon |
| Phra Khru Paññā Vuḍḍhi Sundara | พระครูปัญญาวุฒิสุนทร | Phra Khru Panya Wut Sunthon |
| Phra Khru Pavara Dharmakicca | พระครูบวรธรรมกิจ | Phra Khru Bowon Thammakit |
| Phra Khru Vimala Guṇākara | พระครูวิมลคุณากร | Phra Khru Wimon Khunakon |
References
