Английская Википедия:Ecology of Florida
Florida has two Level I and three Level II/III ecoregions containing more than 80 distinct ecosystems.[1][2] From the northwestern panhandle to the Everglades, differences in hydrology, climate, landforms, soil types, flora, and fauna shape each ecosystem, creating a complex landscape that has been recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot.[3]
Abiotic environment
The climate of Florida varies due to its proximity to the equator. From central Florida to the Georgia border, the climate is generally humid subtropical, while South Florida has a tropical climate. The end of spring to mid-fall is characterized by a significant rainy season, subjecting Florida to hurricanes, thunderstorms, and tropical cyclones. The winter and spring are significantly drier, often resulting in brushfires and strict no-fire laws. Snowfall has been recorded in northern Florida, and hard freezes have damaged orange groves.[4]
Florida is surrounded on three sides by bodies of water: the Gulf of Mexico to the west, Florida Bay to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. In addition to its coastal habitats, Florida has many varied wetland habitats, such as marshland, swampland, lakes, springs, and rivers. Florida's largest river is the St. Johns River. Florida's largest lake, Lake Okeechobee, flows into the Florida Everglades,[5] a two-million acre subtropical wetland.[6]
Biotic environment
Fauna
Florida is home to a diverse array of wildlife, with over than 700 species of land animals, including bobcats, armadillo, opossum, and foxes being found in the state. Florida's waters support more than 200 varieties of freshwater fish and over 500 types of marine fish and mammals.[7] There are over 500 species of birds that have been seen in the state; it is home to an estimated 1,500 nesting pairs of bald eagles.[8] Florida's ecosystems are also home to many types of insects,[9] including the Gulf fritillary, a butterfly native to Florida grasslands.
Florida's mild climate, international ports of entry, and animal and nursery trades make the state vulnerable to invasive species,[10] including the Burmese python, cane toad, feral pigs and lionfish. Native wildlife is also threatened by habitat loss, as natural lands are given over to agriculture and urban development.[11]
Forest ecology
Because Florida has such a wide variety of climate conditions, there are many types of forest ecosystems.
- Upland hardwoods: Often found in patches, surrounded by flatwoods and sandhills. Many trees prefer these ecosystems, so there is no dominant species.Шаблон:What Many Florida state parks are located in these ecosystems.[12]
- Bottomland hardwoods: Shallow, wet areas that are located near lakes, rivers, and sinkholes, making them prone to flooding. Consists of primarily deciduous trees that grow in layers with shrubs and herbaceous plants.[12]
- Sandhills: A very dry region with sandy soils which rarely flood. Because of this sort of climate, fire often changes the landscape, resulting in predominantly grass and trees with no shrubbery.[12]
- Scrub: An ecosystem extremely low in nutrients because of its sandy soil caused by frequent fires. Scrubs often consist of open pinelands with various oaks, shrubs, and palmetto. These plants are called xerophytic because they grow well in dry climates and have roots close to the surface to catch little nutrients.[12]
- Flatwoods: Pine flatwoods are very low, flat, sandy lands subject to fires during some parts of the year, but that may be flooded for months due to seasonal rainfall. Pine needles contribute to nutrient-rich soil, so plant growth is often rapid, allowing farmers to feed their livestock.[12]
- Tropical hardwood hammock: An ecosystem which includes many broad-leaved evergreens. These forests are restricted to South Florida because of hard freezes in the North. These areas are often used for land development because of their well-drained soils.[12]
Human impacts
In the Pre-Columbian era, Florida's landscape was mostly made up of a largely forested area, prairies, and the large wetland area now referred to as the Everglades. Throughout its landscape, small rivers, swamps, and naturally occurring lakes and springs made up the state. At the time, the area was inhabited by the native indigenous tribes of Florida. These tribes led a mostly subsistence-based lifestyle, consisting mostly of basic farming to provide enough food for one family. This way of living minimally impacted the landscape, as most of the time only fertile areas of non-swamp land were utilized as the technology to drain large portions of lands and redirect water was still not widely available.Шаблон:Cn
Over time, as the European colonization of the Americas progressed, more and more Europeans began to colonize the area. Once the technology to drain and redirect extensive areas of swampland presented itself, more settlers came to lay claims to acres of land for future development. These large influxes of people led to the mass manipulation of the Florida landscape, altering it permanently. Significant effort was made to divert, drain, or redirect water through the creation of various types of waterways like canals or manmade lakes. Settlers also began cutting down forests, and the converting lands from natural to agricultural use. This intense and highly complex manipulation of the landscape caused problems for the native species of animals living there.[13]
Water
Water is an important and highly valued resource. It is used for farming, providing electricity, and plumbing, cleaning, drinking, bathing, and many other things. This poses problems for the natural environment. Bodies of water, like lakes or ponds, are drained to create homes or other facilities. Water can also be redirected so that certain areas that are creating new businesses or that have a large population of people moving in can have fresh, clean water going directly to them instead of having to import water from other areas or buy it in large quantities to store for personal or commercial use. Шаблон:Cn
In the natural environment, many animal species depend on the regular flow of water and specific bodies of water for their survival. Draining small lakes, ponds, and river beds eliminates a habitat that many different species of fish, alligators, insects, and other animals depend on for their survival. Likewise, redirecting water poses just as great a threat to native species as it does to us. When water is redirected, the original flow becomes disrupted and limits the amount of water that can be obtained at other areas. Шаблон:Cn
Runoff of pesticides, fertilizers, and chemicals from farming, factories, households, and commercial and industrial uses causes imbalances within ecosystems. Toxic chemical runoff and byproducts from decomposing materials and foods can contaminate water supplies. Most importantly, these chemicals, like mercury, wreak havoc in fisheries and cause problems like infertility, mutations, and sometimes fish death. Large agricultural and farming communities and urban areas leak pollutants directly into the water supply that can then flow through natural environments. When pesticides and fertilizers get into the water, plants are affected too. Fertilizers often contain phosphorus which can lead to increased growth of some water-borne plants and foliage. This abnormally rapid growth can cause other water-borne plant populations to dwindle because of competition for space.Шаблон:Cn
Deforestation
Forests provide many benefits to the environment. They create habitats for small and large animals, insects, and small organisms like bacteria and fungi that feed on decomposing tree trunks. They also store carbon. Forests are like giant banks of stored carbon. When forests are cut down in large quantities, tons and tons of previously stored carbon are released into the atmosphere. Aside from storing vast amounts of carbon, they also help prevent soil erosion. Areas that have been dry and arid with bare exposed soil can be recovered by planting trees around a buffer area to prevent further soil erosion. With proper care, maintenance, and patience, the area can be recovered.Шаблон:Cn
Deforestation is the removal of all or some trees from an area of forest for use as something else. Florida is known for having various ecosystems aside from the wet marshlands called the Everglades. It is also home to a variety of different kinds of forests. The trees and wood obtained from these forests are used to construct furniture and homes or can be sold individually as boards and shapes for construction. To obtain these large amounts of wood, whole sections of trees must be cut down. Sometimes trees are cut down to get to an area of preference. Another reason for cutting down large sections of trees is to construct new homes or buildings in an aesthetically pleasing area. "Florida has lost 22% of forests since 1953 (a loss of 1.6 million ha)."[14]
Climate change
Шаблон:Main The Florida coastline is already experiencing the effects of global warming. It could change the look and appearance of Florida's coastline forever. "Scientists have already observed changes in Florida consistent with the early effects of global warming: retreating and eroding shorelines, dying coral reefs, saltwater intrusion into inland freshwater aquifers, an upswing in forest fires, and warmer air and sea-surface temperatures."[15]
Introduced fauna and flora
Introduced species are from non-native environments, such as China and Florida. These species often find their new environment perfect for them and begin to grow and breed at extraordinary rates, becoming invasive. "An invasive species is generally defined as a plant, animal, or microbe that is found outside of its native range, where it negatively impacts the ecology, economy, or quality of native species and human life."[16] With nothing to keep them in check, since there is nothing in the new environment to challenge their boundaries, or that feeds on it, the alien species will continue to take over and sometimes push native plants or animals out of their native environments.Шаблон:Cn
In Florida, local and private groups have formed to help combat some of their invasive species of plants and animals. "The Florida Invasive Species Partnership (FISP) is a collaboration of federal, state, and local agencies along with non-government organizations, all with a stake in managing invasive non-native species in Florida."[17]
One example of a plant species that has spread abnormally is the Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br.). This invasive vine can grow up to 90 feet and more and survive through the winter without losing much of its greenness. This vine has been known to cover whole sections, rows, and at times all of the trees in forests and line them in huge veils of sweeping green foliage. These vines pose serious fire hazards in dry areas or during dry seasons. The vine is native to the following countries:
- Africa
- Australia
- Southeast Asia[18]
One example of an animal species that has bred without limit is the Cuban tree frog (Osteopilus septentrionalis). The Cuban tree frog found its way to Florida after hitching a ride in shipping containers on trading boats and ships. As its name implies, the frog is native to Cuba. Florida's warm, rainy, and humid weather is perfect for the Cuban tree frog to reproduce and breed. The only thing that seems to cause sharp declines in their populations are freezes or unusually cold winters. These frogs have spread up and down the coast of Florida and around the central Florida area. They eat various types of insects and spiders but are also cannibalistic and have caused the native Florida tree frog populations to decrease as they feed on them. "Cuban Treefrogs are 'sit-and-wait' predators. On warm nights in Florida, it is common to encounter Cuban Treefrogs hanging on walls and windows near lighted areas as they sit and wait for insects (and native treefrogs) to be attracted to the lights. As they feed, they defecate on the windows and walls, and their fecal deposits can become unsightly over time, especially if there are a lot of frogs in the area. Furthermore, when a person enters or exits his or her home at night, Cuban Treefrogs waiting for an insect meal may be startled and, as a result will occasionally jump onto people or into their homes through open doors."[16] The frog is native to areas such as:
- Cuba
- Cayman Islands
- Bahamas
Endangered Florida species
The state of Florida has about 33 animals and 43 plant species that are endangered.Шаблон:Cn Some of the animals that are listed are the Florida panther, the leatherback sea turtle, the West Indian manatee, and the red-cockaded woodpecker, to name a few, and some of the plants that are listed are the bell-flower, scrub plum, Small's milk pea, and the water-willow.
Migration patterns
When an animal migrates, they are simply moving from one place to another and back to their original location. Animals migrate to find good breeding grounds or areas with large amounts of food. When man-made objects or constructs get in the way of an animal's routine migratory path, it is forced to change its usual breeding ground or area of sustenance.Шаблон:Cn
Changes in the migration patterns of panthers
The Florida panther is listed as endangered. This is because the encroachment of developing lands, highways, and other man-made structures has mostly destroyed or diminished their natural habitats. They also have trouble hunting the white-tailed deer, which is their main source of food, as they have been cut off from each other because of human developments as well.[19] Due to these developments, Florida panthers have had to change their migration routes as well as become accustomed to smaller hunting and breeding grounds.Шаблон:Cn
Migratory birds
Many birds spend the summer farther north on the east coast of the U.S. and migrate through Florida on their way to South America or the Caribbean. Water birds that winter in Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico use Florida as their last land stop before the islands. In contrast, most land birds will fly from Florida to the coast of Mexico to continue moving to South America while remaining over land.[20] Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) that spend summers in the eastern half of the U.S. use multiple routes through Florida to reach the Yucatán peninsula, the Caribbean islands, and South America.[21] Upon their return, birds crossing the Gulf of Mexico need to stop in Florida to feed and replenish their energy after the strenuous flight over water.[22] Some species, like the Red Knot (Calidris canutus rufa), stay in Florida for the winter. In the case of the Red Knot, the state's east coast is used as a stopover on the way to the Caribbean and as an overwintering area.[23] Some birds returning north in the fall have migration patterns that bring them into the path of Gulf hurricanes, increasing the danger of the flight as well as the need for abundant resources on the North Coast of the Gulf.[21] Migrating birds arrive in the highest densities in areas with dense hardwood forests. For those in need of food, this habitat could indicate an abundance of resources, and many stopover in the panhandle of Florida in hardwood and pine forests close to the coast. Conservation of these forests will be necessary for the future of many migrating bird species. With so many birds using these forests to forage after strenuous flights, degradation or loss of this habitat could lead to high mortality as the birds quickly use up a smaller pool of resources.[22] The same can be said for the East Coast of the state, where habitat loss caused by sea level rise, beach erosion, and development threaten migratory routes.[23] Although the Migratory Bird Treaty Act made the "taking, killing, or possessing migratory birds unlawful," habitat must also be protected to help the birds that migrate through Florida survive.[24]
State policies
The Florida Department of Environmental Protection is the agency responsible for protecting Florida's ecology. Its mission is to protect "our air, water, and land." It is divided into 41 programs that cover three areas of interest: Regulatory Programs, Land and Recreation, and Water Policy and Ecosystem Restoration.Шаблон:Cn
Regulatory programs
The DEP makes regulations and follows up to ensure they are adhered to. Besides the normal administrative sections of the agency, there is an office of the Inspector General, which conducts audits and investigations related to preserving Florida's air, land, and water. It provides an impartial judge to determine what should be done. They are supported by law enforcement and policy compliance sectors. An office for siting coordination also regulates the power grid and natural gas pipelines across the entire state.[25]
Land and recreation
The DEP is responsible for state-owned recreational land. This includes the entire state park system and most of Florida's beaches. There are also separate entities dealing with the trails and greenways (Florida Ecological Greenways Network) initiative, Green Lodging, and the Clean Marina program, to name just a few. The Front Porch Florida program also falls into this category; it is a program to help neighborhoods regain a sense of community. It hopes to make these communities a fun place to be. The Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems monitors Florida's fragile beach environments and works with local initiatives and the Army Corps of Engineers to protect and restore the beaches. It also is responsible for disaster response initiatives, such as the Deepwater Horizon oil spill beach cleanup efforts. State-owned lands are under the supervision of this department, divided into the Florida State Parks program and the Public Lands program.[26]
Water policy and ecosystem restoration
Some programs from the other two categories also fall into this category, such as the Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems, because they deal with the restoration aspect of a larger issue. However, some programs are entirely within this category, such as the Wastewater Program and the Everglades Restoration program. The Springs, Water, and Wetlands programs all fall into this category. These programs perform important functions by monitoring Florida's drinking water quality and quantity.Шаблон:Cn
Progress
FERI
1998 the Office of Ecosystem Management conducted the Florida Ecological Restoration Inventory (FERI). Using information gathered from the managers of all state-owned lands, they assessed the restoration needs and created a comprehensive map including the urgency of each need. This became an online database of planned, needed, and completed restoration projects and the information about them. In 2000, the Bureau of Submerged Lands and Environmental Resources was awarded a grant to update FERI and expand the database to include information from other agencies. There are currently six categories in FERI. They are: cultural resource protection, ecological protection, exotic removal, hydrologic restoration/enhancement, upland restoration/enhancement, and wetland restoration/enhancement.[27]
Recovery Program
The DEP has initiated the Recovery Program, which uses ARAA federal stimulus money to fund environmental programs across the state. Diesel emissions reduction is receiving 1.7 million dollars to add electricity to rest stops so trucks do not have to idle and retrofitting school buses to make them more environmentally friendly. The Superfund program will receive $61 million to clean up hazardous waste from the Superfund hazardous waste sites. Leaking Underground Storage Tanks will use $11.2 million to clean up "orphan" petroleum storage tanks (abandoned tanks that have no party responsible for them). $750,000 from the EPA will go towards local brownfield land projects. The Clean Water State Revolving Fund will use $132.3 million to issue loans for communities to improve their waste water and storm water systems. The Drinking Water State Revolving Fund will use $88.1 million to issue community loans to upgrade their drinking water infrastructure.Шаблон:Cn
References
External links
- Myers, R. L., Ewel, J.J., Florida Studies Collection., & Myers, R. L. (1990). Ecosystem of Florida. Orlando: University of Central Florida Press.
- Love bugs introduced species, University of Florida
- Effects of the BP oil spill on Florida beaches
- Uen.org
- Earthjustice.org
- Biologicaldiversity.org
- Nrdc.org
- Ces.fau.edu
- Nature.org
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ 21,0 21,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 22,0 22,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
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