Английская Википедия:Edo literature

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Edo literature includes both written and oral works in the Edo language by the Edo people of Nigeria. It has its origins in precolonial times and has evolved over time. The literature is a reflection of Edo culture and it includes various periods, genres, and authors. It is rooted in traditional expressions such as brass-casting, wood carving, and pictorial writing. The written form became more prominent during the colonial era with the adoption of the Roman script. Folk songs are a part of Edo literature and are a part of Edo cultural heritage. These songs serve as repositories of historical narratives, moral teachings, and cultural expressions.

The early period of Edo literature saw a shift towards written expression. During this time, Bible passages were translated into the Edo language by J.E. Edegbe, and published by the Foreign Bible Society, London, in 1925, 1927, and 1930. These translations introduced Christianity and were among the first published works in Edo. The later period of Edo literature saw the emergence of various authors and literary forms. Authors like Jacob Egharevba and D.U. Emokpae produced works that explored Edo's history and ventured into fiction. Efforts to establish a standardised orthography began in the 1920s and played a role in the development of the Edo written language. Some individuals collected and translated proverbs, riddles, and folktales into English, drawing from their indigenous culture.

History

Edo literature includes various traditional expressions such as brass-casting, wood carving, and pictorial writing, which were used to document historical events.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The written form became more prominent during the colonial era with the adoption of the Roman script.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The early period of Edo literature saw a shift towards written expression.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This was influenced by the adoption of the Roman script, which played a role in shaping Edo literature.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn During this time, Bible passages were translated into the Edo language by Reverend Emmanuel Egiebor Ohuoba.[1][2] These translations, among the first published works in Edo,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn required the adaptation of Edo idioms and expressions to convey complex religious concepts.Шаблон:Sfnmp In this early period, written works primarily in pamphlet and booklet forms emerged and began addressing various topics relevant to Edo society, including education, history, and social commentary.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn During this period, Edo songs and hymns were transcribed for religious and cultural purposes.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The late period of Edo literature, beginning in the early 1930s, saw the emergence of various authors and literary forms.[3] One significant work from this period was Ekhere Vb'Itan Edo by Jacob Egharevba, a historian and writer, in 1933.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Later known as A Short History of Benin, this provided information on the Edo kingdom's history, traditions, and monarchs.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn D.U. Emokpae, an Edo author of this period, wrote The Murder of Adesuwa in 1934. This work was a departure from the historical narratives of Egharevba, moving into the realm of fiction and exploring Edo themes.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn H.O. Uwaifo, a writer and poet, also published Edo Composition in 1934.[4]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The late 1930s and 1940s saw an increase in Edo literary output.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Newspapers like Obhio and Esan Times provided a platform for writers to share their works. These newspapers featured a range of content, including short stories, poetry, and essays.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Esan language literature, a branch of Edo literature, also developed during this period, through authors such as Osaigbovo Iguobaro and Ekpen Edenojie.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Their works included a range of genres, including poetry, drama, and storytelling.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Efforts were made to standardise the language and develop an Edo orthography to facilitate literary and educational pursuits and the growth of Edo literature.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Despite challenges like limited publishing opportunities, the late period laid the foundation for the ongoing evolution of Edo literature through contemporary authors such as Ikponmwonsa Osemwingie.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Literacy development

Western education in Roman script developed under colonial rule. The colonial administration established primary schools in the 1900s but closed some during the 1910s.Шаблон:Sfn This led to the proliferation of elementary-level schools.Шаблон:Sfn Edo College in Benin City was established in 1937, with no other secondary schools established until after independence.Шаблон:Cn The colonial administration's absence of a clear language policy created uncertainty in choosing a language for instruction.[5] Eventually, English became the medium of instruction.Шаблон:Cn However, the absence of standardised orthography for indigenous Edo languages presented difficulties and English thus became the preferred language among school pupils, influencing the language choice for publications.Шаблон:Sfn

Economic changes in the late 1930s and early 1940s resulted in increased prosperity, fostering the growth of a colonial capitalist economy.Шаблон:Sfn This, in turn, encouraged more investment in education and publishing.Шаблон:Sfn Communities established their schools, and local entrepreneurs entered the education sector.Шаблон:Sfn This expansion generated a demand for books, particularly literary works.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Efforts to establish a standardised orthography began in the 1920s, driven by missionary competition.Шаблон:Sfn By 1932, a Colonial officer, H.M. Butcher, compiled an Edo dictionary, and the Church Mission Society published Oghe Edo I and II (Benin Reader) in 1934, marking the first Edo books in over three decades. Indigenous writers also contributed to resolving orthography challenges.Шаблон:Sfn Although early colonial schools did not introduce students to Western literary traditions and often disregarded indigenous culture and language, some individuals drew inspiration from their indigenous culture.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn They collected and translated proverbs, riddles, and folktales into English, reconstructed oral history, and transcribed songs.Шаблон:Sfn

Folk songs

Folk songs are a part of Edo literature.Шаблон:Sfn These songs, passed down through generations, serve as repositories of historical narratives, moral teachings, and cultural expressions.Шаблон:Sfn Edo folk songs trace their origins back to the precolonial era when storytelling primarily thrived through oral tradition.Шаблон:Sfn They encompass a wide spectrum of themes, including historical accounts, love stories, moral lessons, and the trials and victories of the Edo people.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Edo folk songs reflect distinct dialects and cultural subtleties across communities,Шаблон:Sfn and have influenced contemporary Edo music.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Edo folk songs are accompanied by traditional musical instruments, including the 'ikpen,' a type of xylophone, and the 'ughegbe,' a traditional flute.Шаблон:Sfn They are a part of rituals and ceremonies, enriching festivals, weddings, and other significant life events.Шаблон:Sfn[6] In recent years, efforts have been made to document and preserve them.Шаблон:Sfn

Notable authors

Several authors have made significant contributions to Edo literature and the development of the Edo language.Шаблон:Sfn

References

Notes

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Bibliography

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Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Portal bar Шаблон:Edo State

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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