Английская Википедия:Eduardo Maldonado

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Eduardo Humberto Maldonado Iporre (born 16 November 1968) is a Bolivian economist, lawyer, and politician who served as senator for Potosí from 2010 to 2015. He previously served as ombudsman of Potosí from 1998 to 2009.

A graduate of Tomás Frías University, Maldonado developed his leadership skills in the student movement and aligned himself toward socialist values from a young age. He got his career start as Potosí's special representative to the Ombudsman's Office, holding the position for over a decade from the institution's inception in 1998. In 2009, he was elected to represent Potosí in the Senate on behalf of the ruling Movement for Socialism. Once in office, however, Maldonado quickly broke with his caucus over its often hierarchical leadership structure, becoming one of the first members of the 2010–2015 Legislative Assembly to defect from the ruling party.

Rather than seek reelection, Maldonado attempted to contest the Potosí mayoralty in 2015 but was barred from running due to a controversial interpretation of residency requirements by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal. The decision prompted him to sue the government before the United Nations Human Rights Committee, which in 2018 ruled that his political rights had been violated by the state. In subsequent years, Maldonado ran to return to parliament in 2019 and was again a candidate for mayor in 2021, failing to achieve either position.

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Early life and career

Early life and education

Eduardo Maldonado was born on 16 November 1968 in Potosí to Eduardo Maldonado Urioste, a journalist, and Lourdes Iporre Peña, a music teacher.Шаблон:Sfnm On his mother's side, Maldonado is the grandson of Humberto Iporre Salinas, a prominent and prolific twentieth-century composer whose hymn "Potosino Soy" remains a popular fixture of the department's cultural heritage.Шаблон:Sfnm

Maldonado completed his primary and secondary schooling in Potosí's Franciscan school, one of the city's principal academic institutions.Шаблон:Sfn He studied law and economics at Tomás Frías University and completed a master's degree in higher education and constitutional law.Шаблон:Sfn While a student, Maldonado played prominent roles in his sector's students' unions, commencing as president of his Franciscan school's student center.Шаблон:Sfn Maldonado later held membership in the Local University Federation while attending Tomás Frías, during which time he served as first secretary of the organization's interfaculty committee, in addition to chairing the student committees of both the law and economics tracks.Шаблон:Sfnm

Ombudsman of Potosí

Maldonado began working at the Ombudsman's Office of Bolivia in 1998,Шаблон:Sfn the year it was established. Introduced as part of a package of new independent oversight bodies intended to guarantee the rule of law, the institutionШаблон:Sndheaded in its early years by Ana María RomeroШаблон:Sndwas tasked with protecting human and individual rights in the country.Шаблон:Sfn Given Potosí's status as one of the three areas most prone to human rights violations, a special branch office was established in the city, with Maldonado appointed to head it.Шаблон:Sfn He held the position for over a decade, supervising the regional human rights records of six presidential administrations between 1998 and 2009.Шаблон:Sfnm

Chamber of Senators

Election

Шаблон:Further In previous years, Maldonado had repeatedly rejected offers from establishment political parties to contest elective office or serve in government administration. A committed socialist since youth, he finally accepted a 2009 invitation by the ruling Movement for Socialism (MAS) to run for Senate representing Potosí.Шаблон:Sfn Despite their lack of party affiliation, the MAS sought in figures like Maldonado and his former superior Romero to utilize the high level of public prestige associated with the Ombudsman's Office to build bridges with the urban middle class, long weary of the Evo Morales administration.Шаблон:Sfn

Despite his top billing on the MAS's slate of candidates, Maldonado nonetheless actively campaigned for the position. In a region with a history of political violence, he nearly lost his life while on a campaign stop in the Tinguipaya Municipality after a mob of campesinos allegedly supportive of a rival candidate attacked his group.Шаблон:Sfn He ultimately recovered from the ordeal and lived to win the race, part of the MAS's blowout victory in Potosí, in which it swept nearly the entirety of the department's parliamentary delegation.Шаблон:Sfn

Tenure

Entering parliament, Maldonado was selected to chair the Senate's Constitution Commission, a position of particular import given the Legislative Assembly's early mission of regulating the implementation of the newly passed 2009 Constitution. For the most part, Maldonado followed the party line when it came to drafting the so-called "structural laws" necessary for this task;Шаблон:Sfn he oversaw the quick-fire passage of three out of five such pieces of legislation through the Senate,Шаблон:Sfn the penultimate step to significantly reforming the country's election commission,Шаблон:Sfnm electoral system,Шаблон:Sfnm and constitutional courtШаблон:Sfnm in accordance with the new constitution.Шаблон:Sfn

Beyond that point, however, Maldonado's relationship with MAS leadership quickly deteriorated.Шаблон:Sfn In August 2010, he and other members of Potosí's parliamentary delegation began a multi-week hunger strike in protest of the government's lack of attention to regional demands.Шаблон:Sfnm The departmentШаблон:Sndlong one of the poorest in BoliviaШаблон:Sndhad entered a nineteen-day strike based on eleven grievances they wished addressed, among them increased industrialization, more public works, and the final settlement of Potosí's territorial disputes with Chile and Шаблон:Ill.Шаблон:Sfn Although the administration eventually sealed a deal to end the protests,Шаблон:Sfn Maldonado and other legislators' participation remained a sore point among the MAS; Morales labeled them "traitors,"Шаблон:Sfn party leaders in parliament announced their intent to seek a recall election against them,Шаблон:Sfn and yet others demanded their resignations.Шаблон:Sfn

Maldonado's split with the MAS reached its climax in early October whenШаблон:Sndamid ongoing negotiations regarding a controversial anti-racism billШаблон:Sndhe was booted off of the Senate's Constitution Commission.Шаблон:Sfn The removal of a senator mid-term from their commission assignment was unprecedented in Bolivian democratic history and came in response to Maldonado's decision to review sections of the legislation to address freedom of the press concerns presented by media outlets, bucking the orders of Morales, who had requested the law be approved without modifications. Maldonado denounced his ouster as "unfair and incorrect" and accused the ruling party of being anti-democracy and counter-revolutionary.Шаблон:Sfnm

For the duration of his term, Maldonado remained a staunch critic of the ruling party, operating in semi-opposition without formally aligning with the Senate's conservative caucus. His was the first of many defections suffered by the MAS's parliamentary delegation between 2010 and 2015. The dissidents, which came to be collectively known as the "freethinkers," grew to include two more senatorsШаблон:Sndincluding Maldonado's regional colleague, Carmen GarcíaШаблон:Sndas well as multiple members of the Chamber of Deputies.Шаблон:Sfnm

Commission assignments

Later political career

2015 Potosí mayoral campaign

Шаблон:Further Given his split with the MAS, Maldonado was not nominated for reelection in 2014 and forwent seeking a second term as part of a different front. Instead, he set his sights on local politics, looking to contest the Potosí mayoralty in the 2015 subnationals. Starting in October 2014, he formally began the process of collecting the necessary signatures to acquire ballot access for his new party, Popular Power.Шаблон:Sfn After accomplishing this, he initiated his campaign, running on a platform of apoliticism and opposition to the "corporatization of politics" by the ruling party.Шаблон:Sfn

Despite an early entry into the race, Maldonado's campaign was quickly cut short. In January 2015, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal disqualified his candidacy on the grounds that he failed to meet the necessary residency requirements to run. The decision responded to a controversial ruling issued the previous year, which barred nearly all outgoing parliamentarians from running for local office under the argument that their primary residences had been the seat of government in La Paz and not their respective regions.Шаблон:Sfnm Above all, the ruling affected the political futures of former MAS legislators that had broken with the party, all of whom appealed the court's decision to no avail.Шаблон:Sfnm

In the months following his disqualification, Maldonado denounced his ordeal as politically motivated, accusing the MAS of having acted as "a blue hand dictating the unethical actions of theШаблон:Nbsp... Supreme Electoral Tribunal."Шаблон:Sfn Having exhausted all national legal channels to have his candidacy restored, Maldonado took his complaint international, filing two petitions against the state before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the United Nations Human Rights Committee alleging a violation of his political rights. Both bodies agreed to hear the case in 2015,Шаблон:Sfnm with the latter ruling in 2018 that the Bolivian government had indeed violated Maldonado's rights, for which the state was asked to pay him adequate restitution.Шаблон:Sfn Maldonado celebrated the ruling as a "moral victory against the abuse and discretion of those who circumstantially exercise power."Шаблон:Sfn

2019 general election

Шаблон:Further Шаблон:See also In the ensuing years, Maldonado refocused his attention on personal projects, such as efforts to convert portions of his family's estate into a museum dedicated to Humberto Iporre, which opened in late 2015.Шаблон:Sfnm At the same time, he remained active in political spaces. Having previously criticized the MAS for its "ideological turn" away from indigenous rights and in favor of extractive industries,Шаблон:Sfn Maldonado founded his own group, the Movement for Indigenous, Democratic, and Environmental Values (VIDA), which counted the presence of other left-wing intellectuals, such as César EscobarШаблон:Sndson of the deceased mining unionist Шаблон:Ill,Шаблон:Sfn himself a MAS supporter-turned-critic.Шаблон:Sfn

For the 2019 elections, Maldonado and Escobar signed an alliance with Civic Community (CC) to support the presidential aspirations of Carlos Mesa.Шаблон:Sfn As part of the pact, Maldonado sought to return to the Legislative Assembly, this time contesting a seat in the Chamber of Deputies.Шаблон:Sfn He won the race, owing to a significant drop in regional electoral support for the MAS that cycle, which prevented it from entirely sweeping Potosí's parliamentary delegation as it had done in previous elections.Шаблон:Sfn Despite the victory, subsequent allegations of electoral fraud caused the results to be annulled, preventing Maldonado from assuming his seat.Шаблон:Sfn When the elections were rerun in 2020, he was no longer included on CC's slate of candidates.Шаблон:Sfn

2021 Potosí mayoral campaign

Six years on from his 2015 disqualification, Maldonado sought again to compete for the Potosí mayoralty.Шаблон:Sfn Distanced from CC, he registered his candidacy with the Third System Movement (MTS), led by La Paz Governor Félix Patzi,Шаблон:Sfn himself a MAS dissident.Шаблон:Sfn Although the MTS's electoral presence was practically non-existent outside its native La Paz, the party nonetheless saw significant successes in 2021 by aligning itself with individually popular local candidates,Шаблон:Sfn often former or even current-until-then MAS partisans that had first been denied that party's nomination.Шаблон:Sfn This strategy, however, largely relied on the personal popularity of those running,Шаблон:Sfn and in a crowded field of candidatesШаблон:Sndincluding longtime former mayor René Joaquino and civic leader Jhonny LlallyШаблон:SndMaldonado failed to stand out, finishing in a distant fifth place.Шаблон:Sfnm

Electoral history

Шаблон:Sronly
Year Office Party Alliance Votes Result Шаблон:Abbr.
Total % Шаблон:Abbr.
2009 Senator style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color;"| Independent style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color;"| Movement for Socialism 243,855 78.32% 1st Шаблон:Yes2 Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn-lg
2015 Mayor Popular Power colspan=2 Шаблон:CNone colspan=3 Шаблон:CNone Шаблон:No2 Шаблон:Sfn
2019 Deputy Шаблон:Tooltip style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color;"| Civic Community 119,697 32.84% 2nd Шаблон:No2 Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn-lg
2021 Mayor Шаблон:Tooltip style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color;"| Third System Movement 4,670 4.09% 5th Шаблон:No2 Шаблон:Sfn
Source: Plurinational Electoral Organ | Electoral Atlas

References

Notes

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Footnotes

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Works cited

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