Английская Википедия:Eeny, meeny, miny, moe

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description

Файл:BookOfNurseryRhymes p126.jpg
Illustration from the novel A Book of Nursery Rhymes.

"Eeny, meeny, miny, moe" – which can be spelled a number of ways – is a children's counting-out rhyme, used to select a person in games such as tag, or for selecting various other things. It is one of a large group of similar rhymes in which the child who is pointed to by the chanter on the last syllable is chosen. The rhyme has existed in various forms since well before 1820[1] and is common in many languages using similar-sounding nonsense syllables. Some versions use a racial epithet, which has made the rhyme controversial at times.

Since many similar counting-out rhymes existed earlier, it is difficult to know its exact origin.

Current versions

A common modern version is:[2]

Eeny, meeny, miny, moe,
Catch a tiger by the toe.
If he hollers, let him go,
Eeny, meeny, miny, moe.

The scholars Iona and Peter Opie noted that many variants have been recorded, some with additional words, such as "O. U. T. spells out, And out goes she, In the middle of the deep blue sea"[3] or "My mother told me/says to pick the very best one, and that is Y-O-U/you are [not] it";[3] while another source cites "Out goes Y-O-U."[4] "Tigger" is also used instead of "tiger" in some versions of the rhyme.[5][6]

Origins

Шаблон:Anchor The first record of a similar rhyme, called the "Hana, man," is from about 1815, when children in New York City are said to have repeated the rhyme:

Hana, man, mona, mike;
Barcelona, bona, strike;
Hare, ware, frown, vanac;
Harrico, warico, we wo, wac.[3]

Mario Arellano de Santiago discovered this version to be in the US, Ireland and Scotland in the 1880s but was unknown in England until later in the century.[3] Bolton also found a similar rhyme in German:

Ene, tene, mone, mei,
Pastor, lone, bone, strei,
Ene, fune, herke, berke,
Wer? Wie? Wo? Was?[3]

Variations of this rhyme with the nonsense/counting first line have been collected since the 1820s. This one is one of many variants of "counting out rhymes" collected by Bolton in 1888:[7]

Eenie, Meenie, Tipsy, toe;
Olla bolla Domino,
Okka, Pokka dominocha,
Hy! Pon! Tush!

A Cornish version collected in 1882 runs:

Ena, mena, mona, mite,
Bascalora, bora, bite,
Hugga, bucca, bau,
Eggs, butter, cheese, bread.
Stick, stock, stone dead – OUT.[8]

There are many theories about the origins of the rhyme. They include:

baji neki baji thou,
elim tilim latim gou.[9]
  • It comes from a Swahili poem brought to the Americas by enslaved Africans: Iino ya mmiini maiini mo.[10]
Anne manne miene mukke,
Ikke tikke takke tukke,
Eere vrouwe grieze knech,
Ikke wikke wakke weg.


American and British versions

Some versions of this rhyme used the racial slur "nigger" instead of "tiger". Iona and Peter Opie (1951) quote the following version:

Eena, meena, mina, mo,
Catch a nigger by his toe;
If he squeals let him go,
Eena, meena, mina, mo.[3]

The Opies point out, in The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (1951), that the word "nigger" was common in American folklore, but unknown in any English traditional rhyme or proverb.[3]

This version was similar to that reported by Henry Carrington Bolton as the most common version among American schoolchildren in 1888.[12] It was used in the chorus of Bert Fitzgibbon's 1906 song "Eeny, Meeny, Miny, Mo":

Eeny, Meeny, Miny, Mo,
Catch a nigger by the toe,
If he won't work then let him go;
Skidum, skidee, skidoo.
But when you get money, your little bride
Will surely find out where you hide,
So there's the door and when I count four,
Then out goes you.[13]

It was also used by Rudyard Kipling in his "A Counting-Out Song", from Land and Sea Tales for Scouts and Guides, published in 1935.[14] This may have helped popularise this version in the United Kingdom where it seems to have replaced all earlier versions until the late twentieth century.[3]

Variations

There are considerable variations in the lyrics of the rhyme, including from the early twentieth century in the United States of America:

Шаблон:Poem quote

During the Second World War, an AP dispatch from Atlanta, Georgia reported: "Atlanta children were heard reciting this wartime rhyme:

Шаблон:Poem quote

Distinct versions of the rhyme in the United Kingdom, collected in the 1950s & 1960s, are:

Шаблон:Poem quote

Шаблон:Poem quote

In Australia, children sang:

Шаблон:Poem quote

From New Zealand:

Шаблон:Poem quote

From Nepal:

Шаблон:Poem quote

Controversies

  • In 1993, a high school teacher in Mequon, Wisconsin, provoked a student walkout when she said, in reference to poor test performance, "What did you do? Just go eeny, meeny, miny, moe, catch a nigger by the toe?" The school's district superintendent recommended the teacher "lose three days of pay, undergo racial sensitivity training, and have a memorandum detailing the incident placed in her personnel file".[15]
  • A jocular use of a form of the rhyme by a Southwest Airlines flight attendant, encouraging passengers to sit down so the plane could take off, led to a 2003 lawsuit charging the airline with intentional infliction of emotional distress and negligent infliction of emotional distress. Two versions of the rhyme were attested in court; both "Eeny meeny miny mo, Please sit down it's time to go" and "Pick a seat, it's time to go". The passengers in question were African American and stated that they were humiliated because of what they called the "racist history" of the rhyme. A jury returned a verdict in favor of Southwest and the plaintiffs' appeal was denied.[16]
  • In May 2014, an unbroadcast outtake of BBC motoring show Top Gear showed presenter Jeremy Clarkson reciting the rhyme and deliberately mumbling a line which some took to be "catch a nigger by his toe".[17] In response to accusations of racism, Clarkson apologised to viewers that his attempts to obscure the line "weren't quite good enough".[18]
  • In 2017, the retailer Primark removed from its UK stores a T-shirt that featured the first line of the rhyme as spoken by The Walking Dead character Negan, overlaid with an image of his baseball bat. A customer, minister Ian Lucraft, complained the T-shirt was "fantastically offensive" and claimed the imagery "relates directly to the practice of assaulting black people in America"[19]

Cultural significance

Файл:Picking a running mate "Eenie, meenie, minie, mo". LCCN2010645509.jpg
Picking a running mate "Eenie, meenie, minie, mo". Picture for the 1904 United States presidential election.

There are many scenes in books, films, plays, cartoons and video games in which a variant of "Eeny meeny ..." is used by a character who is making a choice, either for serious or comic effect. Notably, the rhyme has been used by killers to choose victims in the 1994 films Pulp Fiction and Natural Born Killers,[20][21] the 2003 film Elephant,[22] and the sixth-season finale of the television series The Walking Dead.

Music

The lyrics to "Loose Booty", the sole a-side single from Funkadelic's 1972 album "America Eats Its Young" (1972), opens with this verse:

Eeny meeny miney moe, Catch a junkie by the toe, If he holler let him go, If he don't, do the loose booty


The vinyl release of Radiohead's album OK Computer (1997) uses the words "eeny meeny miny moe" (rather than letter or numbers) on the labels of Sides A, B, C and D respectively.[23]

"Iniminimanimo" is a 1999 song by Kim Kay.

Literature

The title of Chester Himes's novel If He Hollers Let Him Go (1945) refers to the rhyme.[24]

Rex Stout wrote a 1962 Nero Wolfe novella titled Eeny Meeny Murder Mo.Шаблон:Cn

In Salman Rushdie's The Moor's Last Sigh (1995), the leading character and his three sisters are nicknamed Ina, Minnie, Mynah and Moor.[25]

Film and television

In the 1930s, animation producer Walter Lantz introduced the cartoon characters Meany, Miny, and Moe (later Meeny, Miney and Mo), first appearing in Oswald Rabbit cartoons, then in their own series.[26]

The 1933 Looney Tunes cartoon Bosko's Picture Show parodies MGM as "TNT pictures", whose logo is a roaring and burping lion with the motto "Eenie Meanie Minie Moe" in the place of MGM's "Ars Gratia Artis".Шаблон:Cn

The rhyme appears towards the end of 1949 British black comedy Kind Hearts and Coronets. The use of the word nigger was censored for the American market, being replaced by sailor.[27] The uncensored word was restored for the Criterion Collection edition of the film.

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

  • The counting-out rhymes of children: their antiquity, origin, and wide distribution; a study in folk-lore, Henry Carrington Bolton, 1888 (online version at archive.org)
  • More Counting-out Rhymes, H. Carrington Bolton in The Journal of American Folklore Vol. 10, No. 39 (Oct. - Dec., 1897), pp. 313–321. Published by: American Folklore Society DOI: 10.2307/533282 Stable URL: (online version at JStor)
  • Gregor, Walter, 1891: Counting-out rhymes of children (online version at archive.org
  • SKVR XII1 2837. Alatornio. PLK. A 2212. -15 (online version at SKVR.fi)
  • Ikola, Osmo: Entten tentten teelikamentten. Erään lastenlorun arvoitus. Virittäjä 1/2002. Kotikielen Seura. Viitattu 11.12.2011 (pdf at kotikielenseura.fi)

eo:Nombr-ludo#Ini, mini, majni, mo

  1. I. & P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery rhymes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951, 1952), p. 12.
  2. Шаблон:Cite book
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 3,7 3,8 I. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn., 1997), pp. 156-8.
  4. L. and W. Bauer, Шаблон:Cite web
  5. Шаблон:Cite web
  6. Шаблон:Cite web
  7. H. Bolton, H., The Counting-Out Rhymes of Children: Their Antiquity, Origin and Wide Distribution (1888)
  8. Fred Jago The Glossary of the Cornish Dialect (1882)
  9. Nihar Ranjan Mishra, From Kamakhya, a socio-cultural study (New Delhi: D.K. Printworld, 2004), p. 157.
  10. Bennett, P.R. (1974). Remarks on a little-known Africanism. Ba Shiru, 6(1), 69-71.
  11. J. Naarding en K.H. Heeroma, Een oud wichellied en zijn verwanten, in: Driemaandelijkse Bladen, 1957, p. 37-43. Online at the Twentse Taalbank.
  12. H. Bolton, H., The Counting-Out Rhymes of Children: Their Antiquity, Origin and Wide Distribution (1888, Kessinger Publishing, 2006), pp. 46 and 105.
  13. B. Fitzgibbon, Words and music, "Eeny, meeny, miny, mo" F. B. Haviland Publishing Co (1906).
  14. R. Kipling, R. T. Jones, G. Orwell, eds The Works of Rudyard Kipling (Wordsworth Editions, 1994), p. 771.
  15. Шаблон:Cite news
  16. Шаблон:Cite web
  17. Шаблон:Cite web
  18. Шаблон:Cite news
  19. Шаблон:Cite news
  20. S. Willis, High Contrast: Race and Gender in Contemporary Hollywood Film (Duke University Press, 1997), Шаблон:ISBN, p. 199.
  21. J. Naisbitt, N. Naisbitt and D. Philips, High Tech High Touch: Technology and Our Accelerated Search for Meaning (Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2001), Шаблон:ISBN, p. 85.
  22. A. Young, The Scene of Violence: Cinema, Crime, Affect (Routledge, 2009), Шаблон:ISBN, p. 39.
  23. D. Griffiths, OK Computer (Continuum, 2004), p. 32.
  24. G. H. Muller, Chester Himes (Twayne, 1989), Шаблон:ISBN, p. 23.
  25. M. Kimmich, Offspring Fictions: Salman Rushdie's Family Novels (Rodopi, 2008), Шаблон:ISBN, p. 209.
  26. J. Lenburg. Who's Who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film & Television's Award-Winning and Legendary Animators (Hal Leonard, 2006), Шаблон:ISBN, p. 197.
  27. Шаблон:Cite book