Английская Википедия:Egalitarian rule
Шаблон:Short description In social choice and operations research, the egalitarian rule (also called the max-min rule or the Rawlsian rule) is a rule saying that, among all possible alternatives, society should pick the alternative which maximizes the minimum utility of all individuals in society. It is a formal mathematical representation of the egalitarian philosophy. It also corresponds to John Rawls' principle of maximizing the welfare of the worst-off individual.[1]
Definition
Let <math>X</math> be a set of possible `states of the world' or `alternatives'. Society wishes to choose a single state from <math>X</math>. For example, in a single-winner election, <math>X</math> may represent the set of candidates; in a resource allocation setting, <math>X</math> may represent all possible allocations.
Let <math>I</math> be a finite set, representing a collection of individuals. For each <math>i \in I</math>, let <math>u_i:X\longrightarrow\mathbb{R}</math> be a utility function, describing the amount of happiness an individual i derives from each possible state.
A social choice rule is a mechanism which uses the data <math>(u_i)_{i \in I}</math> to select some element(s) from <math>X</math> which are `best' for society. The question of what 'best' means is the basic question of social choice theory. The egalitarian rule selects an element <math>x \in X</math> which maximizes the minimum utility, that is, it solves the following optimization problem:
Leximin rule
Often, there are many different states with the same minimum utility. For example, a state with utility profile (0,100,100) has the same minimum value as a state with utility profile (0,0,0). In this case, the egalitarian rule often uses the leximin order, that is: subject to maximizing the smallest utility, it aims to maximize the next-smallest utility; subject to that, maximize the next-smallest utility, and so on.
For example, suppose there are two individuals - Alice and George, and three possible states: state x gives a utility of 2 to Alice and 4 to George; state y gives a utility of 9 to Alice and 1 to George; and state z gives a utility of 1 to Alice and 8 to George. Then state x is leximin-optimal, since its utility profile is (2,4) which is leximin-larger than that of y (9,1) and z (1,8).
The egalitarian rule strengthened with the leximin order is often called the leximin rule, to distinguish it from the simpler max-min rule.
The leximin rule for social choice was introduced by Amartya Sen in 1970,[1] and discussed in depth in many later books.[2][3][4][5]Шаблон:Rp [6]
Properties
Pareto efficiency
The max-min rule may not necessarily lead to a Pareto efficient outcome. For example, it may choose a state which leades to a utility profile (3,3,3), while there is another state leading to a utility profile (3,4,5), which is a Pareto-improvement.
In contrast, the leximin rule always selects a Pareto-efficient outcome. This is because any Pareto-improvement leads to a leximin-better utility vector: if a state y Pareto-dominates a state x, then y is also leximin-better than x.
Pigou-Dalton property
The leximin rule satisfies the Pigou–Dalton principle, that is: if utility is "moved" from an agent with more utility to an agent with less utility, and as a result, the utility-difference between them becomes smaller, then resulting alternative is preferred.
Moreover, the leximin rule is the only social-welfare ordering rule which simultaneously satisfies the following three properties:[5]Шаблон:Rp
- Pareto efficiency;
- Pigou-Dalton principle;
- Independence of common utility pace - if all utilities are transformed by a common monotonically-increasing function, then the ordering of the alternatives remains the same.
Egalitarian resource allocation
The egalitarian rule is particularly useful as a rule for fair division. In this setting, the set <math>X</math> represents all possible allocations, and the goal is to find an allocation which maximizes the minimum utility, or the leximin vector. This rule has been studied in several contexts:
- Division of a single homogeneous resource;
- Fair subset sum problem;[7]
- Egalitarian cake-cutting;
- Egalitarian item allocation.
- Egalitarian (leximin) bargaining.[8]
See also
- Utilitarian rule - a different rule, that emphasizes the sum of utilities rather than the smallest utility.
- Proportional-fair rule - a rule that tries to balance the efficiency of the utilitarian rule and the fairness of the egalitarian rule.
- Max-min fair scheduling - max-min fairness in process scheduling.
References
