Английская Википедия:Egyptian Greeks

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox ethnic group Шаблон:Greeks The Egyptian Greeks, also known as Egyptiotes (Шаблон:Lang-el), or simply Greeks in Egypt (Шаблон:Lang-el), are the ethnic Greek community from Egypt that has existed from the Hellenistic period until the aftermath of the Egyptian coup d'état of 1952, when most were forced to leave.

Antiquity

Greeks have been present in Egypt since at least the 7th century BC. Herodotus visited ancient Egypt in the 5th century BC and claimed that the Greeks were one of the first groups of foreigners that ever lived there.[1] Diodorus Siculus claimed that Rhodian Actis, one of the Heliadae, built the city of Heliopolis before the cataclysm; likewise the Athenians built Sais. Siculus reports that all the Greek cities were destroyed during the cataclysm, but the Egyptian cities including Heliopolis and Sais survived.[2]

First historical colonies

According to Herodotus (ii. 154), King Psammetichus I (664–610 BC) established a garrison of foreign mercenaries at Daphnae, mostly Carians and Ionian Greeks.

In 7th century BC, after the Greek Dark Ages from 1100 to 750 BC, the city of Naucratis was founded in Ancient Egypt. It was located on the Canopic branch of the Nile river, 45 mi (72 km) from the open sea. It was the first and, for much of its early history, the only permanent Greek colony in Egypt; acting as a symbiotic nexus for the interchange of Greek and Egyptian art and culture.

At about the same time, the city of Heracleion, the closest to the sea, became an important port for Greek trade. It had a famous temple of Heracles. The city later sank into the sea, only to be rediscovered recently.

From the time of Psammetichus I onwards, Greek mercenary armies played an important role in some of the Egyptian wars. One such army was led by Mentor of Rhodes. Another such personage was Phanes of Halicarnassus.

Hellenistic times

Шаблон:Main

Rule of Alexander the Great (332–323 BC)

Alexander the Great conquered Egypt at an early stage of his conquests. He respected the pharaonic religions and customs and he was proclaimed Pharaoh of Egypt. He established the city of Alexandria. After his death, in 323 BC, his empire was divided among his generals. Egypt was given to Ptolemy I Soter, whose descendants would establish Egypt's last royal dynasty. This dynasty was composed solely of ethnic Greeks and produced dynasts such as Cleopatra. Its capital was Alexandria. Ptolemy added legitimacy to his rule in Egypt by acquiring Alexander's body. He intercepted the embalmed corpse on its way to burial, brought it to Egypt, and placed it in a golden coffin in Alexandria. It would remain one of the famous sights of the town for many years, until probably destroyed in riots in the 3rd century AD.[3]

The Ptolemaic Empire (323–30 BC)

Шаблон:Main

Файл:NileMosaicOfPalestrinaSoldiers.jpg
Ptolemaic soldiers in tunic, 100 BC, detail of the Nile mosaic of Palestrina.

The initial objective of Ptolemy's reign was to establish firm and broad boundaries to his newly acquired kingdom. That led to almost continuous warfare against other leading members of Alexander's circle. At times he held Cyprus and even parts of mainland Greece. When these conflicts were over, he was firmly in control of Egypt and had strong claims (disputed by the Seleucid dynasty) to Palestine. He called himself king of Egypt from 306 BC. By the time he abdicated in 285 BC, in favour of one of his sons, the Ptolemaic dynasty was secure. Ptolemy and his descendants showed respect to Egypt's most cherished traditions – those of religion – and turned them to their own advantage.

Alexandria became the centre of the Greek and Hellenistic world and the centre of international commerce, art and science. The Lighthouse of Alexandria was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World while during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the Library of Alexandria was the biggest library in the world until it was destroyed. The last Pharaoh was a Greek princess, Cleopatra VII, who took her own life in 30 BC, a year after the battle of Actium.[3]

Roman and Byzantine Egypt

Шаблон:Further

Файл:Mummy portrait of Artemidoros from Hawara - London BM 1888-0806-8 - 06.jpg
Mummy portrait of a youth with the Greek inscription "Artemidorus, Farewell", 2nd c. AD.[4]
Файл:Portrait of the Boy Eutyches MET 18.9.2 02.jpg
Mummy portrait of a boy named Eutyches (Шаблон:Lang), 2nd c. AD.[5]

Under Greco-Roman rule, Egypt hosted several Greek settlements, mostly concentrated in Alexandria, but also in a few other cities, where Greek settlers lived alongside some seven to ten million native Egyptians.[6] Faiyum's earliest Greek inhabitants were soldier-veterans and cleruchs (elite military officials) who were settled by the Ptolemaic kings on reclaimed lands.[7][8] Native Egyptians also came to settle in Faiyum from all over the country, notably the Nile Delta, Upper Egypt, Oxyrhynchus and Memphis, to undertake the labor involved in the land reclamation process, as attested by personal names, local cults and recovered papyri.[9]

Coptic Greeks

Шаблон:See

Файл:Fayum-63.jpg
Mummy portrait of a woman named Isarous (Шаблон:Lang), late 1st c. AD.[10]

It is estimated that as much as 30 percent of the population of Faiyum was Greek during the Ptolemaic period, with the rest being native Egyptians;[11] the Faiyum mummy portraits reflect the complex synthesis of the predominant Egyptian culture and that of the elite Egyptian Greek minority in Faiyum.[11]

By the Roman period, much of the "Greek" population of Faiyum was made up of either Hellenized Egyptians or people of mixed Egyptian-Greek origins,[12] and by the time of Roman emperor Caracalla in the 2nd century AD, ethnic Egyptians could be distinguished from Egyptian Greeks only by their speech.[13]

Egyptian Greek is the variety of Greek spoken in Egypt from antiquity until the Islamic conquest of Egypt in the 7th century. Egyptian Greek adopted many loanwords from Egyptian language; there was a great deal of intracommunity bilingualism in Egypt.[14][15]

The following is an example of Egyptian Greek language, used in the Coptic Church:

Шаблон:Blockquote Шаблон:Blockquote Шаблон:Blockquote

According to Walker, early Ptolemaic Greek colonists married local women and adopted Egyptian religious beliefs, and by Roman times, their descendants were viewed as Egyptians by the Roman rulers, despite their own self-perception of being Greek.[16] The dental morphology of the Roman-period Faiyum mummies was also compared with that of earlier Egyptian populations, and was found to be "much more closely akin" to that of ancient Egyptians than to Greeks or other European populations.[17][18] Victor J. Katz notes that "research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities".[19]

Medieval Islamic and Ottoman era

Greek culture and political influence continued and perhaps reached some of its most influential times during the Ottoman Caliphate, which witnessed many Ottoman Sultans and Pashas of Greek ancestry rule over the Ottoman Empire in general, and Egypt in particular. Other notable Greeks in Egypt during the Ottoman period included Damat Hasan Pasha from the Morea, a governor of Egypt. Raghib Pasha, born in Greece to Greek parents, served as Prime Minister of Egypt. During the Ottoman Caliphate, Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier to Suleiman the Magnificent from 1520 to 1566, is perhaps the best known.

At the end of the 18th century, Ottoman Egypt was home to a small community of Egyptian Greeks who numbered from under a thousand to 5000 people. At the time Egyptian Greeks were split into two distinct communities that rarely intermingled. The first was composed of Arabic speaking descendants of early Greek settlers and Greeks who immigrated to Egypt after 1517, most of whom were merchants.Шаблон:Sfn During the course of the War of the Second Coalition France occupied Egypt. The new French authorities established cordial relations with the Greek community. This resulted in the recruitment of Greek mercenaries who once served the Mamluks.Шаблон:Sfn On 27 June 1800, a regular army unit composed of ethnic Greeks was established under the name Légion Grecque (Greek Legion). Commanded by Nikolaos Papazoglou it numbered 577 officers and soldiers.Шаблон:Sfn After the end of the French occupation of Egypt a part of the Greek Legion continued their service in the French military as part of the Bataillon Chasseurs d'Orient and other small units.Шаблон:Sfn

Many Greek Muslims from Crete (often confusingly called Cretan Turks) were resettled in Egypt, Libya, Lebanon, and Syria by Sultan Abdul Hamid II after the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 that resulted in the autonomy of Crete (see the example of al-Hamidiyah, a largely Cretan Greek Muslim village in Syria).

Modern times

Greek community

In 1920, approximately 200,000 Greeks lived in Egypt. By Шаблон:Circa, the Greeks numbered about 300,000. The Greek community in Alexandria lived around the church and convent of Sabbas the Sanctified. In the same area there was a guest house for Greek travelers, a Greek hospital and later a Greek school. The Greek Orthodox bishop was based in Damietta in the church of Nikolaos of Myrna.

In Cairo, the first organised Greek community was founded in 1856, with the community based in three main neighbourhoods: Tzouonia, Haret el Roum (Street of the Greeks), and in Hamzaoui. The patriarchate was based in Saint Nicholas Greek Orthodox Cathedral, Hamzaoui. The monastery of Saint George, in Old Cairo still survives. The monastery is surrounded by a huge wall and topped by a stone tower. Within its walls there was a Greek hospital, a school and housing for the elderly and poor.

In addition to the Greek communities of Alexandria and Cairo, there were the organised Greek communities of Mansoura, founded in 1860, Port Said, founded in 1870, Tanta in 1880, and the community of Zagazig in 1850. There were fifteen smaller communities across Egypt and mainly around Cairo and Alexandria. In Upper Egypt, the oldest ancient Greek community was the one of Minia which was founded in 1812.

The first banks in Egypt were crafted by Greeks, including the Bank of Alexandria, the Anglo-Egyptian bank (Sunadinos family / Συναδινός), and the General Bank of Alexandria. Also, it was the Greek agriculturists and farmers that first systematically and with scientific planning, cultivated cotton and tobacco. They improved the quantity and quality of production and dominated cotton and tobacco exports. Notable families in tobacco commerce were the Salvagos (Шаблон:Lang), Benakis (Шаблон:Lang), Rodochanakis (Шаблон:Lang) and Zervoudachis (Шаблон:Lang).[20] The tobacco cultivars used for cigarette manufacturing, e.g., by Kyriazi Freres, were of Greek origin. A thriving commerce between Greece and Egypt was thus established. Other areas of interest for the Greeks in Egypt were foods, wine, soap, wood crafts, printing.

Файл:Constantine Cavafy, ca 1900.jpg
Constantine P. Cavafy

In the food industry, the macaroni industries of Melachrinos (Шаблон:Lang) and Antoniadis (Шаблон:Lang) were well known. Another example was the cheese and butter production of Argyriou (Шаблон:Lang), Roussoglou (ΡШаблон:Lang) and Paleoroutas (Шаблон:Lang). Chocolate-Biscuits and Toffee producers were: Daloghlou (Шаблон:Lang), Russos (Шаблон:Lang), Repapis (Шаблон:Lang); Oil-soaps-vegetable fats (Salt & Soda) producers like Zerbinis (Шаблон:Lang) were based in Kafr al-Zayat. There were many Greek theatres and cinemas. Major Greek newspapers were Ta grammata (Шаблон:Lang), Tachydromos (Шаблон:Lang), and Nea Zoe (Шаблон:Lang).[21][22][23] The Greek community in Egypt has produced numerous artists, writers, diplomats and politicians, the most famous being the poet Constantine P. Cavafy (Шаблон:Lang), also the painter Konstantinos Parthenis (Шаблон:Lang).

During the Balkan Wars, the Greek communities of Egypt sent volunteers, funded hospitals, and accommodated families of the soldiers. During World War II (1940–1945), more than 7000 Greeks fought for the Allies in the Middle East; 142 died. Their financial contribution reached 2500 million Egyptian pounds.[24] After the Suez Crisis, the British and French laborers left while the Greeks stayed.[25]

Patriarchate of Alexandria

Шаблон:Main

Benefactors

Файл:1896 Olympic tennis.jpg
Dionysios Kasdaglis, ethnic Greek Egyptian tennis player at the Athens Olympics in 1896

The emergence of a Greek aristocracy of rich industrialists, merchants and bankers created the legacy of Greek-Egyptian philanthropism. These benefactors donated large amounts for the building of schools, academies, hospitals and institutions in both Egypt and Greece. Michail Tositsas donated large amounts for the building of the Athens University, the Amalio Orphanage and the Athens Polytechnic. His wife Eleni Tositsa donated the land for the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. George Averoff also contributed to the building of the National Technical University of Athens, the Evelpidon Military Academy and the donation of the cruiser Averoff to the Hellenic Navy. Emmanouil Benakis contributed to the building of the National Gallery of Athens, while his son Antonis Benakis was the founder of the Benaki Museum. Other major benefactors include Nikolaos Stournaras, Theodoros Kotsikas, Nestoras Tsanaklis, Konstantinos Horemis, Stefanos Delta, Penelope Delta, Pantazis Vassanis and Vassilis Sivitanidis.[20]

Exodus from Egypt

Шаблон:See also The exodus of Greeks from Egypt started before the coup d'état of 1952. With the establishment of the new sovereign regime of Gamal Abdel Nasser, rise of Pan-Arab nationalism, and the subsequent nationalisation of many industries in 1961 and 1963, thousands of Greek employees decided to emigrate. Many of them emigrated to Australia, the United States, Canada, South Africa, Western Europe, and Greece. Many Greek schools, churches, small communities and institutions subsequently closed, but many continue to function to this day. The Nasser regime saw a big exodus of the Greeks from Egypt, but most of the minority left the country either before or after the period 1952–1970. The Arab-Israeli wars of 1956 and 1967 contributed to the uprooting of the sizeable Greek community in the Suez Canal cities, especially Port Said.Шаблон:Citation needed

Today

Today the Greek community numbers officially about 5,000 people,[26] with independent estimates ranging to 60,000.[27] Many of Greek origin are now counted as Egyptian, having changed their nationality. In Alexandria, apart from the Patriarchate, there is a Patriarchal theology school that opened recently after 480 years being closed. Saint Nicholas church in Cairo and several other buildings in Alexandria have been recently renovated by the Greek Government and the Alexander S. Onassis Foundation. Saint George's church in Old Cairo is undergoing restoration to end in 2014. During the last decade, there has been a new interest from the Egyptian government for a diplomatic rapprochement with Greece and this has positively affected the Greek Diaspora. The Diaspora has received official visits of many Greek politicians. Economic relationships between Greece and Egypt have expanded. As of 2010, Egypt has received major Greek investments in banking, tourism, paper, the oil industry, & many others. In 2009, a five-year cooperation-memorandum was signed among the NCSR Demokritos Institute in Agia Paraskevi, Athens and the University of Alexandria, regarding Archeometry research and contextual sectors.[28]

Census

Number of Greeks according to the Census in Egypt.

Number of Greeks in Egypt 1907–1960[29]
Egypt 1907 1927 1937 1947 1960 1967
Greeks 62,973 76,264 68,559 57,427 47,673 17,000


Notable Greeks from Egypt

Greeks of Cyrene (the Cyrenaica is a region corresponding to modern eastern Libya) are also included, as during antiquity it held close relations to the Egyptian kingdoms, and at some points, also used to be a part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. The presence of an asterisk (*) next to a person's name denotes that the person was born outside of Egypt, however the most part of this person's life or most important work occurred while in Egypt.

Antiquity

7th - 1st century B.C.E

Roman and Byzantine era

1st - 7th century C.E.

Arab Caliphate &

Ottoman era

7th - 19th century [30]

Contemporary

20th - 21st century

Battus I of Cyrene *

Ruler, 7th century B.C.E., Cyrene

Файл:Heron.jpeg Hero of Alexandria

Engineer, 1st century B.C.E. or C.E., Alexandria

Файл:Jeand Dessès portrait001.jpg Jean Dessès

Fashion designer, 1904 - 1970, Alexandria

Theodorus of Cyrene

Mathematician, 5th century B.C.E., Cyrene

Файл:Philon.jpg Philo

Philosopher, 20 B.C.E - 50 C.E., Alexandria

Файл:Aristippus.jpg Aristippus

Philosopher, 435 - 356 B.C.E., Cyrene

Chaeremon of Alexandria

Philosopher, 1st century C.E., Alexandria

Файл:Alexander Iolas - Αλέξανδρος Ιόλας.jpg Alexander Iolas

Art collector, 1907 - 1987, Alexandria

Aristaeus the Elder *

Mathematician, 370 - 300 B.C.E., Alexandria

Menelaus of Alexandria

Mathematician, 70 - 140 C.E., Alexandria

Файл:Averof George by P. Prosalentis.jpg George Averoff *

Businessman, 1815 - 1899, Alexandria

Kimon Evan Marengo

Cartoonist, 1907 - 1988, Zifta

Файл:Ptolemy I Soter Louvre Ma849.jpg Ptolemy I Soter *

Ruler, 367 - 282 B.C.E., Alexandria

Файл:PSM V78 D326 Ptolemy.png Ptolemy

Geographer, 90 - 168 C.E., Alexandria

Emmanouil Benakis *

Politician, 1843 - 1929, Alexandria

Файл:Νίκος Τσιφόρος.jpg Nikos Tsiforos

Director, 1909 - 1970, Alexandria

Philitas of Cos *

Poet, 340 - 285 B.C.E., Alexandria

Sosigenes of Alexandria

Astronomer, 1st century C.E., Alexandria

Файл:Ioannis Pesmazoglou.JPG Ioannis Pesmazoglou *

Economist, 1857 - 1906, Alexandria

Theodorus the Atheist

Philosopher, 340 - 250 B.C.E., Cyrene

Thrasyllus of Mendes

Mathematician, 1st century C.E., Alexandria

Файл:EuclidStatueOxford.jpg Euclid *

Mathematician, 325 - 265 B.C.E., Alexandria

Файл:Clement alexandrin.jpg Clement of Alexandria

Theologian, 150 - 211 C.E., Alexandria

Файл:Cavafy1900-portrait.jpg Constantine Cavafy

Poet, 1863 - 1933, Alexandria

Mary Giatra Lemou

Author, 1915 - 1989, Alexandria

Magas of Cyrene

Ruler, 317 - 250 B.C.E., Cyrene

Файл:Origen.jpg Origen

Theologian, 185 - 251 C.E., Alexandria

Antonis Benakis

Businessman, 1873 - 1954, Alexandria

Dinos Iliopoulos

Actor, 1915 - 2001, Alexandria

Файл:Oktadrachmon Ptolemaios II Arsinoe II.jpg Ptolemy II Philadelphus *

Ruler, 309 - 246 B.C.E., Alexandria

Файл:Plotinos.jpg Plotinus

Philosopher, 203 - 270 C.E., Alexandria

Dimitrios Kasdaglis *

Athlete, 1872 - 1931, Alexandria

Callimachus

Poet, 305 - 240 B.C.E., Cyrene

Файл:Διόφαντος - Diophantos - ДИОФАНТ.jpg Diophantus

Mathematician, ~210 - ~290 C.E., Alexandria

Файл:Penelope Delta.jpg Penelope Delta

Author, 1874 - 1941, Alexandria

Voula Zouboulaki

Actor, 1924, Cairo

Файл:Κτησίβιος - Ktesibios.png Ctesibius

Engineer, 285 - 222 B.C.E., Alexandria

Файл:Saint Catherine of Alexandria.JPG Catherine of Alexandria

Theologian, 282 - 305 C.E., Alexandria

Файл:Kost-parthenis-rubens-circa1900.jpg Konstantinos Parthenis

Painter, 1878 - 1967, Alexandria

Jani Christou

Composer, 1926 - 1970, Cairo

Conon of Samos *

Astronomer, 280 - 220 B.C.E., Alexandria

Pappus of Alexandria

Mathematician, 290 - 350 C.E., Alexandria

Файл:Constantine Tsaldaris.jpg Konstantinos Tsaldaris

Politician, 1884 - 1970, Alexandria

Файл:Nelly Mazloum - Νέλλη Μασλούμ.jpg Nelly Mazloum

Dancer, 1929 - 2003, Alexandria [31]

Файл:Portrait of Eratosthenes.png Eratosthenes

Mathematician, 276 - 194 B.C.E., Alexandria

Theon of Alexandria

Mathematician, 335 - 405 C.E., Alexandria

Файл:Constantin Xenakis (1995).png Constantin Xenakis

Artist, 1931, Cairo

Apollonius of Rhodes

Poet, 3rd century B.C.E., Alexandria

Файл:Hypatia portrait.png Hypatia

Mathematician, 370 - 416 C.E., Alexandria

Sostratus of Cnidus *

Engineer, 3rd century B.C.E., Alexandria

Palladas

Poet, 4th century C.E., Alexandria

Файл:Miss World 1954, Antigone Costanda (close up).jpg Antigone Costanda

Model, 1934, Alexandria

Hypsicles

Mathematician, 190 - 120 B.C.E., Alexandria

Isidore of Alexandria

Philosopher, 450 - 520 C.E., Alexandria

Файл:Goerges mous675.jpg Georges Moustaki

Singer, 1934 - 2013, Alexandria

Dionysius of Cyrene

Mathematician, 2nd century B.C.E., Cyrene

Hierocles of Alexandria

Philosopher, 5th century C.E., Alexandria

Eudorus of Alexandria

Philosopher, 1st century B.C.E., Alexandria

Hesychius of Alexandria

Author, 5th century C.E., Alexandria

Manos Loïzos

Composer, 1937 - 1982, Alexandria

Aretaphila of Cyrene

Revolutionary, 1st century B.C.E., Cyrene

Файл:Giorgos Leonardos.jpg George Leonardos

Author, 1937, Alexandria

Файл:Kleopatra-VII.-Altes-Museum-Berlin1.jpg Cleopatra VII

Ruler, 69 - 30 B.C.E., Alexandria

Clea Badaro

Painter, 1913 - 1968, Alexandria

Nikos Perakis

Director, 1944, Alexandria

Файл:Demetrio Stratos - Ευστράτιος Δημητρίου.jpg Demetrio Stratos

Singer, 1945 - 1979, Alexandria

Файл:Demis Roussos in Kiev.png Demis Roussos

Singer, 1946 - 2015, Alexandria

Andreas Gerasimos Michalitsianos

Astronomer, 1947 - 1997, Alexandria

Nora Valsami

Actress, 1948, Cairo

Файл:Alkistis Protopsalti 1.jpg Alkistis Protopsalti

Singer, 1954, Alexandria

Файл:Alex Proyas by Sachyn Mital.jpg Alex Proyas

Director, 1963, Cairo

Dimos Starenios

theater-cinema actor born 15 Sept 1909 Cairo died 23 Oct 1983 Athens

See also

Шаблон:Portal

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

External links

Шаблон:Demographics of Egypt Шаблон:Immigration to Egypt Шаблон:Greek diaspora

  1. Α΄ Η διαχρονική πορεία του ελληνισμού στην Αφρική Шаблон:Webarchive
  2. The Historical Library of Diodorus Siculus, Book V,57.
  3. 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  4. Шаблон:Cite web
  5. Шаблон:Cite web
  6. Adams, Winthrope L in Bugh, Glenn Richard. ed. "The Hellenistic Kingdoms". The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2006, p. 39
  7. Stanwick, Paul Edmund. Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek Kings as Egyptian Pharaohs. Austin: University of Texas Press. 2003, p. 23
  8. Adams, op cit.
  9. Bagnall, R.S. in Susan Walker, ed. Ancient Faces : Mummy Portraits in Roman Egypt (Metropolitan Museum of Art Publications). New York: Routledge, 2000, p. 27
  10. Шаблон:Cite web
  11. 11,0 11,1 Bagnall, op cit.
  12. Bagnall, pp. 28–29
  13. qtd. in Alan K. Bowman, Egypt after the Pharaohs, 332 BC – AD 642, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996, p. 126: "genuine Egyptians can easily be recognized among the linen-weavers by their speech."
  14. Шаблон:Cite book
  15. Шаблон:Cite book
  16. Walker, Susan, op cit., p. 24
  17. Dentition helps archaeologists to assess biological and ethnic population traits and relationships
  18. Irish JD (2006). "Who were the ancient Egyptians? Dental affinities among Neolithic through postdynastic peoples.". Am J Phys Anthropol 129 (4): 529-43
  19. Victor J. Katz (1998). A History of Mathematics: An Introduction, p. 184. Addison Wesley, Шаблон:ISBN: "But what we really want to know is to what extent the Alexandrian mathematicians of the period from the first to the fifth centuries C.E. were Greek. Certainly, all of them wrote in Greek and were part of the Greek intellectual community of Alexandria. And most modern studies conclude that the Greek community coexisted [...] So should we assume that Ptolemy and Diophantus, Pappus and Hypatia were ethnically Greek, that their ancestors had come from Greece at some point in the past but had remained effectively isolated from the Egyptians? It is, of course, impossible to answer this question definitively. But research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities [...] And it is known that Greek marriage contracts increasingly came to resemble Egyptian ones. In addition, even from the founding of Alexandria, small numbers of Egyptians were admitted to the privileged classes in the city to fulfill numerous civic roles. Of course, it was essential in such cases for the Egyptians to become "Hellenized," to adopt Greek habits and the Greek language. Given that the Alexandrian mathematicians mentioned here were active several hundred years after the founding of the city, it would seem at least equally possible that they were ethnically Egyptian as that they remained ethnically Greek. In any case, it is unreasonable to portray them with purely European features when no physical descriptions exist."
  20. 20,0 20,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  21. Шаблон:Cite web
  22. Шаблон:Cite book
  23. Шаблон:Cite book
  24. Η προσφορά του Ελληνισμού της Αιγύπτου στο Β΄Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο Шаблон:Webarchive
  25. Шаблон:Cite web
  26. Шаблон:Cite web
  27. Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Project не указан текст
  28. Cooperation memorandum signed among NCSR D and Alexandria University, Egypt Шаблон:Webarchive 29/1/2009, retrieved on 31/1/2009
  29. Шаблон:Cite book
  30. While creating the table entries, it was very hard to find any details for Greeks in Egypt during the Arab and later Ottoman period. This may be due to the Islamic practice where the subjects of a kingdom adopt Islamic names, thus making it hard to distinguish nationality by name. With the French and English interventions in Egypt during the 18th and 19th century, the first Greek organised communities arise, giving a lot of information about Greek Egyptians of this era.
  31. Шаблон:Cite web