Английская Википедия:Eid al-Adha

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Eid al-Adha (Шаблон:Lang-ar Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:IPA-ar, "Feast of the Sacrifice") or the Feast of Sacrifice is the second of the two main holidays celebrated in Islam (the other being Eid al-Fitr). In Islamic custom, it honours the willingness of Abraham to sacrifice his son, Ishmael, as an act of obedience to God's command. However, before Abraham could sacrifice his son in the name of God, and because of his willingness to do so, God provided him with a lamb to sacrifice in his son's place. In commemoration of this intervention, animals such as lambs are sacrificed. The meat of the sacrificed animal is divided into three portions: one part of the meat is consumed by the family that offers the animal, one portion is for friends and relatives, while the rest of the meat is distributed to the poor and the needy. Sweets and gifts are given, and extended family members typically visit and are welcomed. The day is also sometimes called the Greater Eid (or Eid Al-Kabeer).

In the Islamic lunar calendar, Eid al-Adha falls on the tenth day of Dhu al-Hijja and lasts for four days. In the international (Gregorian) calendar, the dates vary from year to year, shifting approximately 11 days earlier each year.

Pronunciation

Eid al-Adha is pronounced Eid al-Azha and Eidul Azha, primarily in Iran and influenced by the Persian language like the Indian subcontinent; Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell; Шаблон:Lang-ar, Шаблон:IPA-ar.

Etymology

The Arabic word Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) means 'festival', 'celebration', 'feast day', or 'holiday'. It itself is a triliteral root Шаблон:Wikt-lang (ʕ-y-d) with associated root meanings of "to go back, to rescind, to accrue, to be accustomed, habits, to repeat, to be experienced; appointed time or place, anniversary, feast day". Arthur Jeffery contests this etymology, and believes the term to have been borrowed into Arabic from Syriac, or less likely Targumic Aramaic.

The holiday is called Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) or Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) in Arabic. The words Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) and Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) are synonymous in meaning 'sacrifice' (animal sacrifice), 'offering' or 'oblation'. The first word comes from the triliteral root Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) with the associated meanings "immolate; offer up; sacrifice; victimize". No occurrence of this root with a meaning related to sacrifice occurs in the Qur'an but in the Hadith literature. Assyrians and other Middle Eastern Christians use the term to mean the Eucharistic host. The second word derives from the triliteral root Шаблон:Wikt-lang (Шаблон:Lang) with associated meanings of "closeness, proximity... to moderate; kinship...; to hurry; ...to seek, to seek water sources...; scabbard, sheath; small boat; sacrifice". Arthur Jeffery recognizes the same Semitic root, but believes the sense of the term to have entered Arabic through Aramaic.

Origin

One of the main trials of Abraham's life was to receive and obey the command of God to slaughter his beloved son. According to the narrative, Abraham kept having dreams that he was sacrificing his son. Abraham knew that this was a command from God and he told his son, as stated in the Quran,Шаблон:Blockquote Abraham prepared to submit to the will of God and to slaughter his son as an act of faith and obedience to God. During the preparation, Iblis (Satan) tempted Abraham and his family by trying to dissuade them from carrying out God's commandment, and Abraham drove Iblis away by throwing pebbles at him. In commemoration of their rejection of Iblis, stones are thrown during Hajj rites at symbolic pillars, symbolising the place at which Iblis tried to dissuade Abraham.

Acknowledging that Abraham was willing to sacrifice what is dear to him, God honoured both Abraham and his son. Angel Gabriel (Jibreel) called Abraham, "O' Ibrahim, you have fulfilled the revelations." and a ram from heaven was offered by Angel Gabriel to prophet Abraham to slaughter instead of his son. Many Muslims celebrate Eid al Adha to commemorate both the devotion of Abraham and the survival of his son Ishmael.

This story is known as the Akedah in Judaism (Binding of Isaac) and originates in the Torah, the first book of Moses (Genesis, Ch. 22). The Quran refers to the Akedah as follows: Шаблон:Blockquote

The word "Eid" appears once in Al-Ma'ida, the fifth surah of the Quran, with the meaning "a festival or a feast".

Ritual slaughter

Шаблон:Main The tradition for Eid al-Adha involves slaughtering an animal and sharing the meat in three equal parts – for family, for relatives and friends, and for poor people. The goal is to make sure every Muslim gets to eat meat.

Prayers

Файл:The Badshahi in all its glory during the Eid Prayers.JPG

Eid prayer at the Badshahi Mosque, Pakistan

Devotees offer the Eid al-Adha prayers at the mosque. The Eid al-Adha prayer is performed any time after the sun completely rises up to just before the entering of Zuhr time, on the tenth of Dhu al-Hijja. In the event of a force majeure (e.g. natural disaster), the prayer may be delayed to the 11th of Dhu al-Hijja and then to the 12th of Dhu al-Hijja.

Eid prayers must be offered in congregation. Participation of women in the prayer congregation varies from community to community. It consists of two rakats (units) with seven takbirs in the first Raka'ah and five Takbirs in the second Raka'ah. For Shia Muslims, Salat al-Eid differs from the five daily canonical prayers in that no adhan (call to prayer) or iqama (call) is pronounced for the two Eid prayers. The salat (prayer) is then followed by the khutbah, or sermon, by the Imam.

At the conclusion of the prayers and sermon, Muslims embrace and exchange greetings with one another (Eid Mubarak), give gifts and visit one another. Many Muslims also take this opportunity to invite their friends, neighbours, co-workers and classmates to their Eid festivities to better acquaint them about Islam and Muslim culture.

Traditions and practices

Файл:A view of the Armenian Church, Dhaka.jpg

Eid cattle traditionally gets decorated in Bangladeshi culture

Файл:PikiWiki Israel 28887 Eid al-Adha Homemade Cookies.jpg

Cookies of Eid (ma'amoul)

During Eid al-Adha, distributing meat amongst the people, chanting the takbir out loud before the Eid prayers on the first day and after prayers throughout the four days of Eid, are considered essential parts of this important Islamic festival.

The takbir consists of: Шаблон:Verse translation

Adults and children are expected to dress in their finest clothing to perform Eid prayer in a large congregation in an open waqf ("stopping") field called Eidgah or mosque. Affluent Muslims who can afford it sacrifice their best halal domestic animals (usually a camel, goat, sheep, or ram depending on the region) as a symbol of Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his only son. The sacrificed animals, called Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang-ar), known also by the Perso-Arabic term qurbāni, have to meet certain age and quality standards or else the animal is considered an unacceptable sacrifice. In Pakistan alone nearly ten million animals are sacrificed on Eid days, costing over $2 billion.

The meat from the sacrificed animal is preferred to be divided into three parts. The family retains one-third of the share; another third is given to relatives, friends, and neighbors; and the remaining third is given to the poor and needy.

Muslims wear their new or best clothes. People cook special sweets, including ma'amoul (filled shortbread cookies) and samosas. They gather with family and friends.

In the Gregorian calendar

While Eid al-Adha is always on the same day of the Islamic calendar, the date on the Gregorian calendar varies from year to year since the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar and the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. The lunar calendar is approximately eleven days shorter than the solar calendar.Шаблон:Efn Each year, Eid al-Adha (like other Islamic holidays) falls on one of about two to four Gregorian dates in parts of the world, because the boundary of crescent visibility is different from the International Date Line.

The following list shows the official dates of Eid al-Adha for Saudi Arabia as announced by the Supreme Judicial Council. Future dates are estimated according to the Umm al-Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia. The Umm al-Qura calendar is just a guide for planning purposes and not the absolute determinant or fixer of dates. Confirmations of actual dates by moon sighting are applied on the 29th day of the lunar month prior to Dhu al-Hijja to announce the specific dates for both Hajj rituals and the subsequent Eid festival. The three days after the listed date are also part of the festival. The time before the listed date the pilgrims visit Mount Arafat and descend from it after sunrise of the listed day.

In many countries, the start of any lunar Hijri month varies based on the observation of new moon by local religious authorities, so the exact day of celebration varies by locality.

Islamic year	Gregorian date
1400	20 October 1980
1401	Шаблон:08 October 1981
1402	27 September 1982
1403	17 September 1983
1404	Шаблон:05 September 1984
1405	26 August 1985
1406	15 August 1986
1407	Шаблон:04 August 1987
1408	25 July 1988
1409	13 July 1989
1410	Шаблон:02 July 1990
1411	22 June 1991
1412	11 June 1992
1413	31 May 1993
1414	20 May 1994
1415	Шаблон:09 May 1995
1416	29 April 1996
1417	17 April 1997
1418	Шаблон:07 April 1998
1419	27 March 1999
1420	16 March 2000
1421	Шаблон:05 March 2001
1422	22 February 2002
1423	11 February 2003
1424	Шаблон:01 February 2004
1425	20 January 2005
1426	10 January 2006
1427	30 December 2006
1428	20 December 2007
1429	Шаблон:08 December 2008
1430	27 November 2009
1431	16 November 2010
1432	Шаблон:06 November 2011
1433	26 October 2012
1434	15 October 2013
1435	Шаблон:05 October 2014
1436	24 September 2015
1437	12 September 2016
1438	Шаблон:01 September 2017
1439	20 August 2018
1440	11 August 2019
1441	31 July 2020
1442	20 July 2021
1443	Шаблон:09 July 2022
1444	28 June 2023
1445	16 June 2024 (calculated)
1446	Шаблон:06 June 2025 (calculated)
1447	26 May 2026 (calculated)
1448	16 May 2027 (calculated)
1449	Шаблон:04 May 2028 (calculated)
1450	23 April 2029 (calculated)
1451	13 April 2030 (calculated)
1452	Шаблон:02 April 2031 (calculated)
1453	21 March 2032 (calculated)
1454	11 March 2033 (calculated)
1455	28 February 2034 (calculated)
1456	17 February 2035 (calculated)
1457	Шаблон:07 February 2036 (calculated)
1458	26 January 2037 (calculated)
1459	16 January 2038 (calculated)
1460	Шаблон:05 January 2039 (calculated)
1461	14 December 2040 (calculated)

External links

• Шаблон:Commons category-inline
• Шаблон:Cite web