Английская Википедия:Eight Immortals
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:ChineseШаблон:Taoism The Eight Immortals (Шаблон:Zh) are a group of legendary xian ("immortals") in Chinese mythology. Each immortal's power can be transferred to a vessel (Шаблон:Lang) that can bestow life or destroy evil. Together, these eight vessels are called the "Covert Eight Immortals" (Шаблон:Lang). Most of them are said to have been born in the Tang or Song Dynasty. They are revered by the Taoists and are also a popular element in secular Chinese culture. They are said to live on a group of five islands in the Bohai Sea, which includes Mount Penglai.
The Immortals are:
- He Xiangu (Шаблон:Lang), in modern context generally seen as the only female of the group, often depicted holding a lotus flower.
- Cao Guojiu (Шаблон:Lang), related to a Song dynasty emperor before he became an immortal.
- Li Tieguai (Шаблон:Lang), considered to be mentally disturbed and associated with medicine and easing the suffering of the sick and needy,[1] identified by his iron crutch and calabash bottle.[2]
- Lan Caihe (Шаблон:Lang), originally pictured as female later developed an ambiguous or more accurately, a "transformative" gender and is considered the patron of florists[3][4] and gardeners.[5]
- Lü Dongbin (Шаблон:Lang), a scholar and poet considered to be the leader of the Eight Immortals.
- Han Xiangzi (Шаблон:Lang), a flute artist.
- Zhang Guolao (Шаблон:Lang), a fangshi symbol of longevity.
- Han Zhongli (Шаблон:Lang), associated with death and the power to create silver and gold, often depicted holding a fan.
In literature before the 1970s, they were sometimes translated as the Eight Genies. Some stories had them all "cheerfully addicted to wine", so they were called the "Jiu-zhong Ba Xian" or "Eight Drunken Immortals".[6] First described in the Yuan Dynasty, they were probably named after the Eight Immortal Scholars of the Han.
In art
While cults dedicated to various Taoist immortals date back to the Han dynasty, the popular and well-known Eight Immortals first appeared in the Jin dynasty. The wall murals and sculptures in the Jin tombs, created during the 12th and 13th centuries, depicts a group of eight Taoist immortals. The term "Eight Immortals" became commonplace after the popularization of the Taoist group of writers and artists known as the Complete Realization (Quanshen). The most famous art depiction of the Eight Immortals from this period is a mural of them in the Eternal Joy Temple (Yongle Gong) at Ruicheng.
The Eight Immortals are considered to be signs of prosperity and longevity, so they are popular themes in ancient and medieval art. They were frequent adornments on celadon vases. They were also common in sculptures owned by the nobility. Many silk paintings, wall murals, and wood block prints remain of the Eight Immortals. They were often depicted either together in one group, or alone to give more homage to that specific immortal.
An interesting feature of early Eight Immortal artwork is that they are often accompanied by jade hand maidens, commonly depicted servants of the higher ranked deities, or other images showing great spiritual power. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Eight Immortals were frequently associated with other prominent spiritual deities in artwork. There are numerous paintings with them and the Three Stars (the gods of longevity, prosperity, and good fortune) together. Also, other deities such as the Queen Mother of the West are commonly seen in the company of the Eight Immortals and she is also popularly thought to have blessed them with their supernatural abilities.[7]
The artwork of the Eight Immortals is not limited to paintings or other visual arts. They are quite prominent in written works too. Authors and playwrights have written numerous stories and plays on the Eight Immortals. One famous story that has been rewritten many times and turned into several plays (the most famous written by Mu Zhiyuan in the Yuan Dynasty) is The Yellow-Millet Dream, which is the story of how Lǚ Dòngbīn met Zhongli Quan and began his path to immortality.[8]
In literature
The Immortals are the subject of many artistic creations, such as paintings and sculptures. Examples of writings about them include:
- The Yueyang Tower by Ma Zhiyuan
- The Bamboo-leaved Boat (Шаблон:Zh) by Fan Zi'an (Шаблон:Zh)
- The Willow in the South of the City (Шаблон:Zh) by Gu Zijing (Шаблон:Zh)
- The most significant is The Eight Immortals Depart and Travel to the East (Шаблон:Zh) by Wu Yuantai (Шаблон:Zh) in the Ming Dynasty.
- There is another work, also made during the Ming (c. 14th–15th centuries), by an anonymous writer, called The Eight Immortals Cross the Sea (Шаблон:Zh). It is about the Immortals on their way to attend the Conference of the Magical Peach (Шаблон:Zh) when they encounter an ocean. Instead of relying on their clouds to get them across, Lü Dongbin suggested that they each should exercise their unique powers to get across. Derived from this, the Chinese proverb "The Eight Immortals cross the sea, each reveals its divine powers" (Шаблон:Zh) indicates the situation that everybody shows off their skills and expertise to achieve a common goal.
In qigong and martial arts
Furthermore, they have been linked to the initial development of qigong exercises such as the Eight Piece Brocade.[10] There are some Chinese martial arts styles named after them, which use fighting techniques that are attributed to the characteristics of each immortal.[11] Some drunken boxing styles make extensive use of the Eight Immortals archetypes for conditioning, qigong/meditation and combat training.[12] One subsection of ba ying quanШаблон:Csni drunken fist training includes methodologies for each of the eight immortals.
Worship
Established in the Song Dynasty, the Xi'an temple Eight Immortals Palace (Шаблон:Lang), formerly Eight Immortals Nunnery (Шаблон:Lang), is where statues of the Immortals can be found in the Hall of Eight Immortals (Шаблон:Lang). There are many other shrines dedicated to them throughout China and Taiwan. In Singapore, the Xian'gu Temple (Шаблон:Lang) is dedicated to the Immortal Lady He from the group as its focus of devotion.
Overall though, in the Sinosphere, the Eight Immortals are deities who are very often not seen as such, being more like folk heroes and saints to most who venerate them.[13] However, to these people, the Immortals often "represent ... the close ties between the living and the deceased, since the spirits of the deceased are always within reach when help in needed" in some branches of Chinese folk religion and their existence is seen as being similar to ghosts as well.[13]
Depictions in popular culture
The Immortals are the subject of many depictions in popular culture, including:
- In Jackie Chan's films Drunken Master and Drunken Master II, there are eight "drunken" Chinese martial arts forms that are said to be originated from the Eight Immortals. At first, the protagonist did not want to learn the Immortal Lady He form because he saw it as feminine, but he eventually created his own version of it.
- The 1998–99 Singaporean television series Legend of the Eight Immortals was based on stories of the Eight Immortals and adapted from the novel Dong You Ji.
- The Eight Immortals play an important part in the plot of the video game Fear Effect 2.
- In the Andy Seto graphic novel series Saint Legend, the Eight Immortals reappear to protect the Buddhist faith from evil spirits set on destroying it.
- In the X-Men comic book, the Eight Immortals appear to protect China along with the Collective Man when the mutant Xorn caused a massacre in one small village.
- In the Immortal Iron Fist comic book, there are seven supreme kung fu practitioners, called the Seven Immortal Weapons. They each hail from other-dimensional cities and must fight for their city's chance to appear on Earth. Aside from being named the "Immortal" Weapons, the most overt reference to the Eight Immortals is that one Immortal Weapon, Fat Cobra, hails from and represents a city called "Peng Lai Island".
- In the roleplaying game Feng Shui, the Eight Immortals appear in the sourcebook Thorns of the Lotus.
- The Eight Immortals played a role in the animated show Jackie Chan Adventures. In the show, the Immortals were said to be the ones who defeated the Eight Demon Sorcerers and sealed them away in the netherworld using items that symbolized their powers. They then crafted the Pan'ku box as a key to opening the portals that lead into the demons' prison. Later on in the series, the items the Immortals used to seal away the demons the first time are revealed to have absorbed some of the demons' chi and become the targets of Drago, the son of Shendu (one of the Demon Sorcerers), to enhance his own powers.
- In The Forbidden Kingdom, Jackie Chan plays the character Lu Yan, who is supposed to be one of the Eight Immortals, as revealed by the director in the movie's special feature, The Monkey King and The Eight Immortals.
- In the Tales of the Dragon expansion for Age of Mythology, the Eight Immortals are hero units for the Chinese.
- In The Iron Druid Chronicles, Zhang Guolao joins the party journeying to Asgard to slay Thor in vengeance for the Norse gods crimes. Zhang Guolao's grudge stems from Thor killing his donkey in a trick.
References
Further reading
- Lai, T. C., The Eight Immortals (Swindon Book Co., 1972).
- Mantak Chia, Johnathon Dao, The Eight Immortal Healers: Taoist Wisdom for Radiant Health (Simon and Schuster).
External links
- Шаблон:Commonscatinline
- Stories and Myths of Eight Immortals. A collection of Eight Immortals stories
Шаблон:Eight Immortals Шаблон:Taoism footer Шаблон:Chinese mythology Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ National Geographic Society (U.S.). National Geographic Essential Visual History of World Mythology. National Geographic Books, 2008. Page 340.
- ↑ Dorothy Perkins. Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture. Page 140.
- ↑ Valery M. Garrett. A Collector's Guide to Chinese Dress Accessories. Times Books International, 1997. Page 32.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book (Project Gutenberg eText 15250)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Sps
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite book
