Английская Википедия:Eihwaz

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Infobox rune Шаблон:Contains special characters Eiwaz or Eihaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the rune Шаблон:Runic, coming from a word for "yew". Two variants of the word are reconstructed for Proto-Germanic, *īhaz (2haz, from Proto-Indo-European Шаблон:PIE), continued in Old English as Шаблон:Lang (also Шаблон:Lang), and *īwaz (2waz, from Proto-Indo-European Шаблон:PIE), continued in Old English as īw (whence English Шаблон:Lang). The latter is possibly an early loan from the Celtic, compare Gaulish ivos, Breton ivin, Welsh ywen, Old Irish ēo. The common spelling of the rune's name, "Eihwaz", combines the two variants; strictly based on the Old English evidence, a spelling "Eihaz" would be more proper.

Following the convention of Wolfgang Krause, the rune's standard transliteration today is ï, though this designation is somewhat arbitrary as the rune's purpose and origin is still not well understood. Elmer Antonsen and Leo Connolly theorized that the rune originally stood for a Proto-Germanic vowel lost by the time of the earliest known runic inscriptions, though they put forth different vowels (Antonsen put forth Шаблон:IPA while Connolly put forth Шаблон:IPA). Ottar Grønvik proposed Шаблон:IPA. Tineke Looijenga postulates the rune was originally a bindrune of ᛁ and ᛃ, having the sound value of Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA. [1]

The rune survives in the Anglo-Saxon futhorc as Шаблон:Runic Ēoh or Īh "yew" (note that ᛖ eoh "horse" has a short diphthong). In futhorc inscriptions Ēoh appears as both a vowel around Шаблон:IPA, and as a consonant around Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA. As a vowel, Ēoh shows up in jïslheard (ᛡᛇᛋᛚᚻᛠᚱᛞ) on the Dover Stone. As a consonant, Ēoh shows up in almeïttig (ᚪᛚᛗᛖᛇᛏᛏᛁᚷ) on the Ruthwell Cross.[2]

The Anglo-Saxon rune poem reads:

Шаблон:Runic Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
The yew is a tree with rough bark,
hard and fast in the earth, supported by its roots,
a guardian of flame and a joy on native land.

See also

References

Шаблон:Runes