Английская Википедия:Ein Samiya

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox settlement

Файл:Jifna, Silted, Kafr Malik, Ein Samiya, Deir Jarir, Beit El, Ofra and Ahavat Hayim in the 2018 OCHA OpT map Ramallah (cropped).jpg
Ein Samiya (top right)

Ein Samiya, also known as Ain Samia (Шаблон:Lang-ar, meaning "the lofty spring"),[1] was a Palestinian village in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate, on the eastern plains of the village of Kafr Malik.[2]

Due to its large water spring, considered to be the strongest and purest in the region, the Ein Samiya valley is an important archaeological area containing the remains of settlements dating back to the ancient Bronze Age/Canaanite era, as well as Roman and Islamic periods. In modern times, Ein Samiya's spring water is the main local ingredient of Taybeh beer, Palestine's first local beer.[3][4]

In May 2023, the village was forcibly evacuated, having been home to 178 people.[5] Acting Humanitarian Coordinator for the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Yvonne Helle, noted that: "These families are not leaving by choice; the Israeli authorities have repeatedly demolished homes and other structures they own and have threatened to destroy their only school. At the same time, land available for the grazing of livestock has decreased due to settlement expansion and both children and adults have been subjected to settler violence... We are witnessing the tragic consequences of longstanding Israeli practices and settler violence."[6][5]

The persistent harassment of the Palestinian villagers, leading to their evacuation in 2023, is considered to be part of the Israeli expropriation of Palestinian springs in the West Bank.[5]

Location

Файл:Ein Samia aqueduct.jpg
Ein Samiya aqueduct

The town is located on the eastern slopes of the Ramallah mountains, and the town's territory reaches Al-Auja in the Jordan Valley in the east of the West Bank.[7]

Economy

Ein Samiya is a large water spring, considered to be the strongest and purest in the region, as it supplies water to the city of Ramallah and Al-Bireh. Historically, large networks of water channels were built. The village serves as the food basket of the town of Kafr Malik, where grains, thyme, citrus fruits, and vegetables are grown.[2]

Population

Most of the population is from the Bedouin Ka'abneh (Шаблон:Lang-ar) clan, primarily employed in the government and agriculture sectors.[8][9][10][11]

History and archaeology

Dating back more than 7,000 years, Ein Samiya contains what is considered one of the oldest historical ruins in the world. It also includes more than 150 rock-carved Roman tombs and related tunnels. Numerous archaeological expeditions took place in 1941-42 and in 1963.[12][13]

The area includes many historical symbols that indicate the cultural diversity in the place, and the site of "Tel Al-Marzbanah" north of Ein Samia is one of the most prominent archaeological sites in it, and it is a small high site that extends from north to south. The origin of the name goes back to the Persian language, as Marzipan means minister. The 'Ain Samiya goblet was found here.[12][13]

Sherds, dating to the Roman,[14] Byzantine[14][15] and Byzantine/Umayyad[14] eras have been found here. A column dating from year 557 in the Byzantine era, mentioning Justinian I and bishop Eustochius, have been found here.[16][17][18]

Denys Pringle, citing information from Ronnie Ellenblum, writes in 1997 that there are buildings at 'Ain Samiya (grid: 1817/1550), that could date to the Crusader era.[19]

Ottoman era

The village is not mentioned in the first Ottoman census, in 1525-1526 CE (AH 932), but is mentioned (taxed) in the 1538-1539 (949) census.[20] In the 1596 census, the village had a population was 4 households, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on various agricultural products, such as wheat (400 akçe), barley (560), olive trees (120), in addition to "occasional revenues" (80) and goats and bee hives (40); a total of 1,200 akçe.[21] Sherds, dating from the early Ottoman ra have also been found here.[14]

In 1838, es-Samieh was noted as a Muslim village in the District of Beni Salim; located east of Jerusalem.[22]

In 1870, Victor Guérin described the ruins there: "The ruin is close to the 'Ain el Samieh. This spring flows under a chamber with circular vaulting and built of large blocks : near it lie several fragments of columns in stone and capitals imitating the Doric style. To the north and above the spring I remarked the ruins of a considerable building, intended perhaps to protect it, and constructed of gigantic blocks rudely hewn. On the lower slopes of the mountain a great many grottoes have been cut in the rock".[23] He also noted that the fields were cultivated with lentils, beans and wheat by the fellahin from Kafr Malik. At the time of sowing and harvesting, several of the caves at Ein Samiya served as temporary refuge for these families.[24]

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Khurbet Samieh: "Ruined village, with a tower and springs ; appears to have been inhabited within the present century. The ruins occur close to 'Ain Samieh as marked on the map. There are remains of two mills, and the ruins of foundations, walls and caves, cover a large area. A copious spring issues on the north-west side of the valley from a strongly-built wall forming a tank. A fragment of a column and some drafted stones are built into this wall".[25]

Gallery

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

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Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate

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Разное

  1. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Palmer251 не указан текст
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 Finkelstein et al., 1997, p. 734
  15. ↑ Dauphin, 1998, p. 852
  16. ↑ Macalister, 1907, p. 236
  17. ↑ Abel, 1907, pp. 275-276
  18. ↑ Tsafrir et al, 1994, p. 221
  19. ↑ Pringle, 1997, p. 112
  20. ↑ Toledano, 1984, p. 298 has Samiya at location 31°59′35″N 35°19′10″E.
  21. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 113
  22. ↑ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 125
  23. ↑ Guérin, 1874, p. 211, as translated in Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 394
  24. ↑ Guérin, 1874, pages 211-212.
  25. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 394
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