Английская Википедия:Elaeagnus

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Automatic taxobox

Elaeagnus Шаблон:IPAc-en,[1] silverberry or oleaster, is a genus of about 50–70 species of flowering plants in the family Elaeagnaceae.[2]

Description

Elaeagnus plants are deciduous or evergreen shrubs or small trees.[2] The alternate leaves and the shoots are usually covered with tiny silvery to brownish scales, giving the plants a whitish to grey-brown colour from a distance. The flowers are small, with a four-lobed calyx and no petals; they are often fragrant. The fruit is a fleshy drupe containing a single seed; it is edible in many species. Several species are cultivated for their fruit, including E. angustifolia, E. umbellata, and E. multiflora (gumi). E. umbellata contains the carotenoid lycopene.[3]

Taxonomy

The genus Elaeagnus was erected in 1754 by Carl Linnaeus, who attributed the name to Joseph Pitton de Tournefort.[4][5] There is agreement that the name is based on Theophrastus's use of the Ancient Greek Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration, latinized to Шаблон:Transliteration) as the name of a shrub.[6] The first part of the name, elae-, is from Шаблон:Lang, 'olive'. Sources differ on the origin of the second part: it may be from Шаблон:Lang, Vitex agnus-castus, the chaste tree,[6] or from the Greek name for a kind of willow.[7] In either case, the second part is derived from Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration), meaning 'pure', 'chaste'.[8]

Species

Elaeagnus comprises the following species:[9][10] Шаблон:Div col

  1. Elaeagnus angustata (Rehder) C.Y.Chang (China)
  2. Elaeagnus angustifolia L. – oleaster, Russian silverberry, or Russian olive (western Asia)
  3. Elaeagnus annamensis S.Moore
  4. Elaeagnus argyi H.Lév. (China)
  5. Elaeagnus bambusetorum Hand.-Mazz. (China)
  6. Elaeagnus bockii Diels (China)
  7. Elaeagnus bonii Lecomte
  8. Elaeagnus calcarea Z.R.Xu
  9. Elaeagnus caudata Schltdl. ex Momiy.
  10. Elaeagnus cinnamomifolia W.K.Hu & H.F.Chow (China)
  11. Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb. – American silverberry or wolf-willow (North America)
  12. Elaeagnus conferta Roxb. (southern Asia)
  13. Elaeagnus courtoisii Belval (China)
  14. Elaeagnus davidii Franch. (China)
  15. Elaeagnus delavayi Lecomte (China)
  16. Elaeagnus difficilis Servett. (China)
  17. Elaeagnus epitricha Momiy. ex H.Ohba
  18. Elaeagnus fasciculata Griff.
  19. Elaeagnus formosana Nakai (Taiwan)
  20. Elaeagnus formosensis Hatus.
  21. Elaeagnus geniculata D.Fang
  22. Elaeagnus glabra Thunb. (eastern Asia)
  23. Elaeagnus gonyanthes Benth. (China)
  24. Elaeagnus griffithii Servett. (China)
  25. Elaeagnus grijsii Hance (China)
  26. Elaeagnus guizhouensis C.Y.Chang (China)
  27. Elaeagnus henryi Warb. ex Diels (China)
  28. Elaeagnus heterophylla D.Fang & D.R.Liang
  29. Elaeagnus hunanensis C.J.Qi & Q.Z.Lin
  30. Elaeagnus indica Servett.
  31. Elaeagnus infundibularis Momiy.
  32. Elaeagnus jiangxiensis C.Y.Chang (China)
  33. Elaeagnus jingdonensis C.Y.Chang (China)
  34. Elaeagnus kanaii Momiy. (China)
  35. Elaeagnus lanceolata Warb. (China)
  36. Elaeagnus lanpingensis C.Y.Chang (China)
  37. Elaeagnus laosensis Lecomte
  38. Elaeagnus latifolia L. (southern Asia)
  39. Elaeagnus lipoensis Z.R.Xu
  40. Elaeagnus liuzhouensis C.Y.Chang (China)
  41. Elaeagnus longiloba C.Y.Chang (China)
  42. Elaeagnus loureiroi Champ. (southern China)
  43. Elaeagnus luoxiangensis C.Y.Chang (China)
  44. Elaeagnus luxiensis C.Y.Chang (China)
  45. Elaeagnus macrantha Rehder (China)
  46. Elaeagnus macrophylla Thunb. (eastern Asia)
  47. Elaeagnus magna (Servett.) Rehder (China)
  48. Elaeagnus matsunoana Makino
  49. Elaeagnus maximowiczii Servett.
  50. Elaeagnus micrantha C.Y.Chang (China)
  51. Elaeagnus mollis Diels (China)
  52. Elaeagnus montana Makino
  53. Elaeagnus morrisonensis Hayata (Taiwan)
  54. Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb. – cherry silverberry or gumi (eastern Asia)
  55. Elaeagnus murakamiana Makino
  56. Elaeagnus nanchuanensis C.Y.Chang (China)
  57. Elaeagnus obovata H.L.Li (China)
  58. Elaeagnus obovatifolia D.Fang
  59. Elaeagnus obtusa C.Y.Chang (China)
  60. Elaeagnus oldhamii Maxim. (China)
  61. Elaeagnus ovata Servett. (China)
  62. Elaeagnus pallidiflora C.Y.Chang (China)
  63. Elaeagnus parvifolia Wall. ex Royle (central Asia)
  64. Elaeagnus pilostyla C.Y.Chang (China)
  65. Elaeagnus pingnanensis C.Y.Chang (China)
  66. Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. – silverthorn (Japan)
  67. Elaeagnus pyriformis Hook.f. (eastern Himalaya)
  68. Elaeagnus retrostyla C.Y.Chang (China)
  69. Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A.Nelson
  70. Elaeagnus rivularis Merr.
  71. Elaeagnus rotundata Nakai
  72. Elaeagnus sarmentosa Rehder (China)
  73. Elaeagnus schlechtendalii Servett. (China)
  74. Elaeagnus songarica Schltr.
  75. Elaeagnus s-stylata Z.R.Xu
  76. Elaeagnus stellipila Rehder (China)
  77. Elaeagnus takeshitai Makino
  78. Elaeagnus taliensis C.Y.Chang (China)
  79. Elaeagnus tarokoensis S.Y.Lu & Yuen P.Yang
  80. Elaeagnus thunbergii Servett. (China)
  81. Elaeagnus tonkinensis Servett. (southeastern Asia)
  82. Elaeagnus tricholepis Momiy.
  83. Elaeagnus triflora Roxb. (southeastern Asia, northeast Australia)
  84. Elaeagnus tubiflora C.Y.Chang (China)
  85. Elaeagnus tutcheri Dunn (southern China)
  86. Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. – Japanese silverberry or autumn olive (eastern Asia)
  87. Elaeagnus viridis Servett. (China)
  88. Elaeagnus wenshanensis C.Y.Chang (China)
  89. Elaeagnus wilsonii H.L.Li (China)
  90. Elaeagnus wushanensis C.Y.Chang (China)
  91. Elaeagnus xichouensis C.Y.Chang (China)
  92. Elaeagnus xingwenensis C.Y.Chang
  93. Elaeagnus xizangensis C.Y.Chang (China)
  94. Elaeagnus yoshinoi Makino
  95. Elaeagnus yunnanensis Servett.

Шаблон:Div col end

Species names with uncertain taxonomic status

The status of the following species is unresolved:[9] Шаблон:Div col

  • Elaeagnus arakiana Koidz.
  • Elaeagnus asakawana Sa.Kurata
  • Elaeagnus attenuata Nakai
  • Elaeagnus crocea Nakai
  • Elaeagnus cyanea Aiton ex Steud.
  • Elaeagnus emarginata Colla
  • Elaeagnus fasciculata (Wall. ex Steud.) A.Nelson
  • Elaeagnus fragrans Nakai
  • Elaeagnus fruticosa (Lour.) A.Chev.
  • Elaeagnus fusca Pépin ex Lem.
  • Elaeagnus higoensis Nakai
  • Elaeagnus kiusiana Nakai
  • Elaeagnus laetevirens Lindb.
  • Elaeagnus latifolia Lour.
  • Elaeagnus mayeharai Nakai
  • Elaeagnus nagasakiana Nakai
  • Elaeagnus numajiriana Makino
  • Elaeagnus oleaster L.
  • Elaeagnus pauciflora C.Y. Chang (China)
  • Elaeagnus philippinensis Perrott. – lingaro berry (Philippines)
  • Elaeagnus × pyramidalis Browicz & Bugala (E. commutata × E. multiflora)
  • Elaeagnus oxycarpa Schltdl. (China)
  • Elaeagnus rotundifolia (Parry) A.Nelson
  • Elaeagnus sativa Dippel
  • Elaeagnus undulata auct.
  • Elaeagnus utilis A.Nelson
  • Elaeagnus veteris-castelli Lepage
  • Elaeagnus yakusimensis Masam.

Шаблон:Div col end

Hybrids

The following hybrids have been described:[9][10]

  • Elaeagnus × maritima Koidz.
  • Elaeagnus × reflexa E.Morren & Decne. (E. pungens × E. glabra)
  • Elaeagnus × submacrophylla Servett. (E. macrophylla × E. pungens)

Habitat

The vast majority of the species are native to temperate and subtropical regions of Asia.[2] Elaeagnus triflora extends from Asia south into northeastern Australia, while E. commutata is native to North America, and Elaeagnus philippinensis is native to the Philippines. One of the Asian species, E. angustifolia, may also be native in southeasternmost Europe, though it may instead be an early human introduction there. Also, several Asiatic species of Elaeagnus have become established as introduced species in North America, with some of these species being considered invasive, or even designated as noxious, in portions of the United States.[2][11][12]

Ecology

Elaeagnus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora elaeagnisella and the Gothic moths. The thorny shrubs can also provide good nesting sites for birds.

Nitrogen fixation

Many Elaeagnus species harbor nitrogen-fixing organisms in their roots, so are able to grow well in low-nitrogen soils.[2] This ability results in multiple ecological consequences where these Elaeagnus species are present. They can become invasive in many locations where they are established as exotic species. Two species (E. pungens and E. umbellata) are currently rated as category II noxious, invasive species in many world regions[2] and by the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council.[12]

Cultivation

Elaeagnus species are widely cultivated for their showy, often variegated, foliage, and numerous cultivars and hybrids have been developed.[13]

The fruit is acidic and somewhat astringent.[2] It makes good tarts.[14]

Файл:Silverberry, GSBF-CN 259, September 12, 2008.jpg
E. angustifolia cultivated as bonsai

Notable species and hybrids in cultivation include:-

The hybrid Elaeagnus × submacrophylla[15] and the cultivar 'Gilt Edge'[16] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[17]

Файл:SilverBerries1.jpg
Berries from a large-fruited cultivar
Файл:宜梧 Elaeagnus oldhamii 20210225184946 01.jpg
Elaeagnus oldhamii

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commons

Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  4. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок POWO_30001965-2 не указан текст
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Citation
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:BONAP
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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