Английская Википедия:Elan aqueduct
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:EngvarB Шаблон:Use dmy dates
The Elan aqueduct crosses Wales and the Midlands of England, running eastwards from the Elan Valley Reservoirs in Mid Wales to Birmingham's Frankley Reservoir, carrying drinking water for Birmingham.[1]
It delivers enormous quantities of water by gravity across the mid-Wales countryside, through north Herefordshire, south Shropshire and into the West Midlands through eleven major river valleys. The aqueduct is Шаблон:Convert long, down which the water travels at less than Шаблон:Convert, taking one and a half days to get to Birmingham.
Construction
Work on the first Шаблон:Convert of the route from the Elan Valley was started in June 1896 by Birmingham Corporation Water Department. The aqueduct was built in sections by outside contractors, using three types of construction depending on the nature of the terrain it had to cross. "Cut and cover" was essentially a brick lined channel which was manually dug as a trench, then roofed over and concealed underground. Where the route of the aqueduct encountered high ground above the gradient needed to maintain the downward slope, a certain amount of tunnelling was required; at one point the tunnel is 100 metres below ground, ensuring the aqueduct was at only 220 metres above sea level. This totalled around Шаблон:Convert, with the longest single length being just over Шаблон:Convert. The third construction type was the use of either bridged aqueducts or inverted syphons to cross valleys and rivers where the ground level dropped too steeply for the required hydraulic gradient to be maintained. The pipeline was continued at the other side of the valley at the same height as the delivery pipe. With the inverted syphon technique, the water naturally fills the lower section of pipe due to the head of water and flow continues downstream.
The initial scheme opened in 1906 with two Шаблон:Convert pipes. Two more pipes of Шаблон:Convert diameter were added between 1919 and 1961.
Engineer
The engineer for the Elan aqueduct scheme was James Mansergh.
Route
The route is Caban Coch (Шаблон:Coord) via Elan Valley, Rhayader, Dolau, Knighton, Leintwardine, Downton on the Rock, Ludlow, Knowbury, Cleobury Mortimer, Bewdley and Hagley to Frankley (Шаблон:Coord).
Features
The aqueduct and its related features are visible[2] at:
- River Wye: Шаблон:Coord[3]
- Valve house: Шаблон:Coord[4]
- Nantmel Aqueduct: Шаблон:Coord[5]
- Carmel Aqueduct: Шаблон:Coord[6]
- Bridge over culverted stream: Шаблон:Coord[7]
- Observation tower: Шаблон:Coord[8]
- Bridge over stream: Шаблон:Coord
- Survey tower: Шаблон:Coord[9]
- Brynymor: Шаблон:Coord
- Hidden Aqueduct: Шаблон:Coord[10]
- Valve house: Шаблон:Coord[11]
- Inspection chamber: Шаблон:Coord[12]
- Inspection chamber: Шаблон:Coord[13]
- Graham's Cottage Bridge (River Teme, Leintwardine): Шаблон:Coord
- Downton Bridge (River Teme, Downton): Шаблон:Coord
- Inspection chamber: Шаблон:Coord[14]
- Valve house: Шаблон:Coord
- Inspection chamber: Шаблон:Coord[15]
- Valve house: Шаблон:Coord[16]
- Deepwood Dingle crossing ("80 or 90 feet high", built by Morrison & Mason of Glasgow[17]): Шаблон:Coord
- Wheelers Vallets Dingle Crossing: Шаблон:Coord
- Teme Bridge (River Teme, Ludlow): Шаблон:Coord
- Ledwyche Brook: Шаблон:Coord
- Inspection chamber: Шаблон:Coord[18]
- Bennett's End Bridge (Cumberley Lane/ Colly Brook): Шаблон:Coord
- Hope Bagot Bridge: Шаблон:Coord
- Corn Brook: Шаблон:Coord
- Trig point: Шаблон:Coord[19]
- Valve house: Шаблон:Coord[20]
- Bridge over stream: Шаблон:Coord[21]
- River Rea: Шаблон:Coord
- Mad Brook: Шаблон:Coord[22]
- River Severn: Шаблон:Coord
- Siphon: Шаблон:Coord
- Siphon: Шаблон:Coord[23]
- Siphon: Шаблон:Coord[24]
- Siphon: Шаблон:Coord[25]
- Remains of former bridge over Birmingham-Worcester railway line: Шаблон:Coord[26]
Some crossings over canals and railways have been replaced by buried pipes.[27][26] The line of the buried aqueduct through woodland is marked by a Шаблон:Convert "exclusion zone" from which trees are removed.[27]
See also
References
External links
Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:GeoGroup
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Bing aerial imagery; OpenStreetMap; names from OS 1st Edition. Note: for linear features, coordinates are given for the Western, upstream, end.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite conference
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 26,0 26,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 27,0 27,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Aqueducts in England
- Aqueducts in Wales
- Bridges completed in 1904
- Buildings and structures in Herefordshire
- Buildings and structures in Shropshire
- Elenydd
- Water supply and sanitation in England and Wales
- Water supply in Birmingham, West Midlands
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
