Английская Википедия:Eleanor of Aquitaine
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Story Шаблон:Infobox royalty
Eleanor of Aquitaine (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Lang-oc, Шаблон:IPA-oc, Шаблон:Lang-laШаблон:Efn; Шаблон:Circa – 1 April 1204) was Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right from 1137 to 1204, Queen of France from 1137 to 1152 as the wife of King Louis VII,Шаблон:Sfn and Queen of England from 1154 to 1189 as the wife of King Henry II. As the heiress of the House of Poitiers, which controlled much of southwestern France, she was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages. Militarily, she was a key leading figure in the Second Crusade, and in a revolt in favour of her son. Culturally, she was a patron of poets such as Wace, Benoît de Sainte-Maure, and Bernart de Ventadorn, and of the arts of the High Middle Ages.
Eleanor was the eldest child of William X, Duke of Aquitaine, and Aénor de Châtellerault. She became duchess upon her father's death in April 1137, and three months later she married Louis, son of her guardian King Louis VI of France. Shortly afterwards, Louis VI died and Eleanor's husband ascended the throne, making Eleanor queen consort. The couple had two daughters, Marie and Alix. Eleanor sought an annulment of her marriage,Шаблон:Sfn but her request was rejected by Pope Eugene III.Шаблон:Sfn Eventually, Louis agreed to an annulment, as fifteen years of marriage had not produced a son.Шаблон:Sfn The marriage was annulled on 21 March 1152 on the grounds of consanguinity within the fourth degree. Their daughters were declared legitimate, custody was awarded to Louis, and Eleanor's lands were restored to her.
As soon as the annulment was granted, Eleanor became engaged to her third cousin Henry, Duke of Normandy. The couple married on Whitsun, 18 May 1152 in Poitiers. Eleanor was crowned queen of England at Westminster Abbey in 1154, when Henry acceded to the throne. Henry and Eleanor had five sons and three daughters, but eventually became estranged. Henry imprisoned her in 1173 for supporting the revolt of their eldest son, Henry the Young King, against him. She was not released until 6 July 1189, when her husband died and their third son, Richard I, ascended the throne. As queen dowager, Eleanor acted as regent while Richard went on the Third Crusade.Шаблон:Sfn She lived well into the reign of her youngest son, John. Шаблон:TOC limit
Early life
Sources
There is a paucity of primary sources on Eleanor's life.Шаблон:Sfn There are no contemporary biographies, and modern biographies are largely drawn from annals and chronicles, generally written by clerics associated with the royal courts. There are very few surviving records from Aquitaine and she is barely mentioned in records of the French court,Шаблон:Sfn and appears to have been actively erased from memory.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Consequently, accounts of Eleanor appear largely as a peripheral figure in chronicles of the men around her.Шаблон:Sfn Important sources from England include Roger of Howden (d. Шаблон:C.), Walter Map (1130 –Шаблон:Circa), Ralph de Diceto (Шаблон:C.), Gerald of Wales (Шаблон:C.) and Ralph Niger (Шаблон:C.).Шаблон:Sfn
In the absence of reliable contemporary accounts, myth, legend and speculation have frequently been resorted to, to fill the gaps;Шаблон:EfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn "rarely in the course of historical endeavor has so much been written, over so many centuries, about one woman of whom we know so little".Шаблон:Sfn
Family of origin and education
Little is known of Eleanor's early life.Шаблон:Sfn Her year of birth is not known precisely, and the first mention of her occurs in July 1129.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn Tradition places her birth on one of her parents' visit to Bordeaux, likely at her father's nearby castle at Belin. Other authors suggest Poitiers, Ombrière Palace, Bordeaux, or Nieul-sur-l'Autise.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn While the date of her birth was once given as 1122Шаблон:Sfn or 1124, the latter is now generally accepted.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A late 13th-century genealogy of her family listing her as 13 years old at her father's death in the spring of 1137 provides the best evidence that Eleanor was born in 1124.Шаблон:Sfn Her parents are unlikely to have married before 1121.Шаблон:Sfn Some chronicles mention a fidelity oath of lords of Aquitaine on the occasion of Eleanor's fourteenth birthday in 1136. Her age at her death is thus also stated now as 80Шаблон:Sfn rather than 82.Шаблон:Sfn
Eleanor (or Aliénor) was the oldest of three children born to William X, Duke of Aquitaine, son of William IX and Philippa of Toulouse, and his wife, Aenor de Châtellerault, the daughter of Aimery I, Viscount of Châtellerault, and Dangereuse de l'Isle Bouchard. Dangereuse was also William IX's longtime mistress. Eleanor's parents' marriage had been arranged by Dangereuse and WilliamШаблон:NbspIX. Their other children were Aélith (1125–1151) and Aigret (1126–1130).Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn
Eleanor was named for her mother Aenor and baptised as Aliénor from the Latin alia Ænor, which means the other Aenor.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It became Eléanor in the langues d'oïl of northern France and Eleanor in English,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn but the exact spelling was never fixed in her lifetime.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn
Little, if anything, is known of Eleanor's education, but it has been surmised from what is known of aristocratic households of the era.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Eleanor's mother died in 1130, when she was only six, and her younger brother also died in that year but it is likely her father would have wanted her to have a good education.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn The only contemporary record of her education comes from Bertran de Born, the troubadour, who states that she read the poetry of her native tongue.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn
Although the language of Bordeaux and Poitiers was Poitevin, a northern French (langue d'oïl) dialogue, she was soon exposed to Occitan (langue d'oc), the southern dialect and language of the poets and courtiers at the ducal court.Шаблон:Sfn She would also have been taught to read and speak Latin, and to be acquainted with literature.Шаблон:Sfn With the death of her mother and brother, Eleanor became the heir presumptive to her father's domains. The Duchy of Aquitaine was the largest and richest province of France, covering an area corresponding to nineteen departments of modern France and about a third of what was then considered France.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Inheritance (1137)
In 1137 Duke William X left Poitiers for Bordeaux and took his daughters with him. Upon reaching Bordeaux, he left them at l'Ombrière CastleШаблон:Sfn in the charge of Geoffroi du Louroux, archbishop of Bordeaux,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn a loyal vassal.Шаблон:Sfn The duke then set out for the Shrine of Saint James of Compostela in the company of other pilgrims. However, he died on Good Friday of that year (9Шаблон:NbspApril).Шаблон:Sfn
Eleanor, aged 13, then became the Duchess of Aquitaine, and thus one of the richest and most eligible heiresses in Europe.Шаблон:Sfn Since kidnapping an heiress was seen as a viable option for obtaining a title and lands,Шаблон:Sfn When William X knew that he was dying, he placed his soon to be orphaned daughter in the care of King Louis VI of France as her guardian.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn William requested of the king that he take care of both the lands and the duchess, and find her a suitable husband.Шаблон:Sfn However, until a husband was found, the king had the legal right to Eleanor's lands. The duke also insisted to his companions that his death be kept a secret until Louis was informed; the men were to journey from Saint James of Compostela across the Pyrenees as quickly as possible to call at Bordeaux to notify the archbishop, then to make all speed to Paris to inform the king.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn
The king of France, known as Louis the Fat,Шаблон:Sfn who was in poor health, recognised an opportunity to enlarge his dominions by the acquisition of Aquitaine.Шаблон:Sfn His eldest surviving son, Louis, had originally been destined for monastic life, but had become the heir apparent when the firstborn, Philip, died after being thrown from his horse in 1131.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The death of William, one of the king's most powerful vassals, made available the most desirable duchy in France.Шаблон:Sfn Louis, who had long sought ways of increasing the relatively small part of France under his direct control, immediately saw the opportunities provided by his guardianship of Eleanor. He realised the dangers of not swiftly settling the succession of the Aquitainian duchy, while a marriage betwen his son and heir and Eleanor would add the considerable resources of Aquitaine to the Capetian holdings. Thus, he spent little time in dispatching the young Louis, accompanied by a large retinue, some 500 knights, along with Abbot Suger, Geoffrey II, Bishop of Chartres, Theobald II, Count of Champagne, and Raoul I, Count of Vermandois to Bordeaux to secure the marriage.Шаблон:Sfn
Queen of France (1137–1152)
Relatively little is known from the time that Eleanor was Queen of France.Шаблон:Sfn On 25 July 1137, Eleanor and Louis were married in the Cathedral of Saint-André in Bordeaux by the Archbishop of Bordeaux. Immediately after the wedding, the couple were enthroned as Duke and Duchess of Aquitaine.Шаблон:Sfn It was agreed that the duchy would remain independent of France until Eleanor's oldest son became both king of France and duke of Aquitaine. Thus, her holdings would not be merged with France until the next generation.Шаблон:Sfn As a wedding present she gave Louis a rock crystal vase.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn
From Bordeaux, the couple proceeded to Poitiers, arriving on August 1, where after a week of festivities they were invsted as Count and Countess of Poitou on August 8.Шаблон:Sfn Louis's tenure as Count of Poitou and Duke of Aquitaine and Gascony lasted only a few days. On their way to Paris, a messenger arrived with the news that Louis VI had died on 1 August and therefore they were now King and Queeen of France.Шаблон:Sfn Louis had already been crowned in the Capetian fashion in 1131Шаблон:Sfn and on Christmas Day 1137, Eleanor was crowned Queen of France at Bourges.Шаблон:Sfn
Eleanor was not popular with some members of the court, including Abbot Suger and Louis's mother Adelaide of Maurienne, who left the court shortly thereafter and remarried. Some courtiers made unfavourable reference to memories of another southerner, Constance of Arles, from Provence, third wife of Robert II, and ancestor of both Louis VII and Eleanor. Queen Constance had had a reputation for being indiscrete in both dress and language.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn Eleanor's conduct was repeatedly criticised by church elders, particularly Bernard of ClairvauxШаблон:Sfn and Suger, as indecorous. Modifications were made to the austere Cité Palace in Paris for Eleanor's sakeШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and she was joined by her sister Aélith in Paris, who became known there as Petronilla.Шаблон:Sfn
Conflict with church
Louis soon came into conflict with the church and Pope Innocent II (1130–1143). In 1140 he intervened in the election to the see of Poitiers on finding that a new bishop, Grimoald, had been elected and consecrated without his consent. This was despite the fact that his father had granted the ecclesiastical province of Bordeaux the right to do so and that he himself had approved this. Louis then attempted to prohibit Grimoald from entering the city, thus drawing both the Pope and Bernard of Clairvaux into the dispute. The Pope issued an order to overule the royal edict but Grimoald died, ending the dispute. The ecclesiastical authorities were aware of the unsuccessful attempt of both Eleanor's father and grandfather to interfere in church matters. However, the Poitiers affair was soon followed by other attempts by Louis to exert his authority.Шаблон:Sfn
The most consequential of these occurred when the Archbishopric of Bourges became vacant in 1141. Louis put forward as a candidate his chancellor, Cadurc, while vetoing the one suitable candidate, Pierre de la Chatre, a monk who was promptly elected by the canons of Bourges and consecrated by the Pope in Rome. Louis accordingly bolted the gates of Bourges against the new archbishop on his return. The Pope, recalling similar attempts by William X to exile supporters of Innocent from Poitou and replace them with priests loyal to himself, may have blamed Eleanor for this,Шаблон:Sfn but stated that Louis was only "a foolish schoolboy" and should be taught not to meddle in such matters. Outraged, Louis swore upon relics that so long as he lived Pierre should never enter Bourges. An interdict was thereupon imposed upon the royal household and lands, and Pierre was given refuge by Theobald II, Count of Champagne, further annoying the king.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Louis had been in a situation of increasing conflict with Theobald II,Шаблон:Sfn and the Bourges affair, together with a crisis in Theobald's family, brought this to a head. Theobald's younger sister, Eleanor of Champagne, had married Raoul I, Count of Vermandois and seneschal of France in 1125, but the latter had been forming a liaison with Petronilla, the Queen's sister. Raoul eventually deserted his wife, seeking an annulment of their marriage on grounds of consanguinity,Шаблон:Efn to which Louis acquiesced, finding three bishops who agreed that the marriage was invalid and then in 1442 officiated at the wedding of Petronilla and Raoul.Шаблон:Sfn Both Theobald, who had taken his sister under protection, and Bernard of Clairvaux protested to the Pope, who convened a council, voided both the annulment and marriage, excommunicated one bishop and suspended the other two. Furthermore, Raoul was ordered to return to his wife. Upon his refusal, both he and Petronilla were also excommunicated and their lands placed under interdiction.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Louis rejected the papal legate's decision and orderd an invasion of Champagne, in a war that would last two years (1142–44) and ended with the occupation of Champagne by the royal army. For a year the royal army laid waste to the Champagne countryside, but since Theobald showed no signs of backing down, Louis took personal charge of the assault in 1143, which focused on the siege of the town of Vitry. More than a thousand people sought refuge in the cathedral, which caught fire, burning alive everyone inside. Horrified at the carnage, Louis returned to Paris, seeking to make peace with Theobald. In return, and with the support of the Pope, he demanded Raoul renounce Petronilla and the interdiction on Raoul and Petronilla was duly lifted, while Louis ordered a retreat. When Raoul refused the king's demands, the royal forces once more invaded Champagne.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Public opinion was turning against the war and in particular Bernard of Clairvaux was very critical, while Suger advised settling the issues. Innocent II died in September of 1143 and was succeeded by Celestine II (1143–1144), who once more lifted the interdiction in an offer of conciliation, at Bernard's suggestion and Louis became more open to negotiation. It was about this time that questions of consanguinity were first raised about Louis and Eleanor's marriage, since he had opposed a number of other marriages on these grounds, including that of Raoul and Eleanor of Champagne. Consequently a number of negotiations took place over the winter of 1143–1144.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Finally, Suger hosted a meeting at his newly built monastic church at Saint-Denis during a feast day on April 22 1144, at which Bernard persuaded Eleanor that her efforts on behalf of her sister were hopeless, and peace was restored, although the couple continued to refuse to separate, and they remained excommunicated till 1148 when Raoul's first marriage was once again invalidated and his second marriage validated. Also the Saint-Denis agreement included Louis withdrawing his opposition to the archbishop of Bourges. The discussion between Eleanor and Bernard also included reference to her apparent infertility (she had had one miscarriage) in 1138,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and a suggestion that she might be rewarded for her concessions with a child.Шаблон:Efn In April 1145, Eleanor gave birth to a daughter, Marie.Шаблон:Sfn
On Sunday, June 11 1144, the king and queen attended the dedication of Saint-Denis, at which time the king donated Eleanor's crystal vase.Шаблон:Sfn Louis, however, still burned with guilt over the massacre at Vitry and wished to make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land to atone for his sins. In autumn 1145, Pope Eugene III requested that Louis lead a Crusade to the Middle East to rescue the Frankish states there from disaster. Accordingly, Louis declared on Christmas Day 1145 at Bourges his intention of going on a crusade.
The Second Crusade (1145–1149)
Eleanor of Aquitaine also formally took up the cross symbolic of the Second Crusade during a sermon preached by Bernard of Clairvaux. In addition, she had been corresponding with her uncle Raymond, Prince of Antioch, who was seeking further protection from the French crown against the Saracens. Eleanor recruited some of her royal ladies-in-waiting for the campaign as well as 300 non-noble Aquitainian vassals. She insisted on taking part in the Crusades as the feudal leader of the soldiers from her duchy. She left for the Second Crusade from Vézelay, the rumoured location of Mary Magdalene's grave, in June 1147.
The Crusade itself achieved little. Louis was a weak and ineffectual military leader with no skill for maintaining troop discipline or morale, or of making informed and logical tactical decisions. In eastern Europe, the French army was at times hindered by Manuel I Comnenus, the Byzantine Emperor, who feared that the Crusade would jeopardise the tenuous safety of his empire. Notwithstanding, during their three-week stay at Constantinople, Louis was fêted and Eleanor was much admired. She was compared with Penthesilea, mythical queen of the Amazons, by the Greek historian Nicetas Choniates. He added that she gained the epithet chrysopous (golden-foot) from the cloth of gold that decorated and fringed her robe. Louis and Eleanor stayed in the Philopation palace just outside the city walls.
From the moment the Crusaders entered Asia Minor, things began to go badly. The king and queen were still optimistic—the Byzantine Emperor had told them that King Conrad III of Germany had won a great victory against a Turkish army when in fact the German army had been almost completely destroyed at Dorylaeum. However, while camping near Nicea, the remnants of the German army, including a dazed and sick Conrad III, staggered past the French camp, bringing news of their disaster. The French, with what remained of the Germans, then began to march in increasingly disorganised fashion towards Antioch. They were in high spirits on Christmas Eve, when they chose to camp in a lush valley near Ephesus. Here they were ambushed by a Turkish detachment, but the French proceeded to slaughter this detachment and appropriate their camp.
Louis then decided to cross the Phrygian mountains directly in the hope of reaching Raymond of Poitiers in Antioch more quickly. As they ascended the mountains, however, the army and the king and queen were horrified to discover the unburied corpses of the Germans killed earlier.
On the day set for the crossing of Mount Cadmus, Louis chose to take charge of the rear of the column, where the unarmed pilgrims and the baggage trains marched. The vanguard, with which Queen Eleanor marched, was commanded by her Aquitainian vassal, Geoffrey de Rancon. Unencumbered by baggage, they reached the summit of Cadmus, where Rancon had been ordered to make camp for the night. Rancon, however, chose to continue on, deciding in concert with Amadeus III, Count of Savoy, Louis's uncle, that a nearby plateau would make a better campsite. Such disobedience was reportedly common.
Accordingly, by mid-afternoon, the rear of the column—believing the day's march to be nearly at an end—was dawdling. This resulted in the army becoming separated, with some having already crossed the summit and others still approaching it. In the ensuing Battle of Mount Cadmus, the Turks, who had been following and feinting for many days, seized their opportunity and attacked those who had not yet crossed the summit. The French, both soldiers and pilgrims, taken by surprise, were trapped. Those who tried to escape were caught and killed. Many men, horses, and much of the baggage were cast into the canyon below. The chronicler William of Tyre, writing between 1170 and 1184 and thus perhaps too long after the event to be considered historically accurate, placed the blame for this disaster firmly on the amount of baggage being carried, much of it reputedly belonging to Eleanor and her ladies, and the presence of non-combatants.
The king, having scorned royal apparel in favour of a simple pilgrim's tunic, escaped notice, unlike his bodyguards, whose skulls were brutally smashed and limbs severed. He reportedly "nimbly and bravely scaled a rock by making use of some tree roots which God had provided for his safety" and managed to survive the attack. Others were not so fortunate: "No aid came from Heaven, except that night fell."Шаблон:Sfn
Official blame for the disaster was placed on Geoffrey de Rancon, who had made the decision to continue, and it was suggested that he be hanged, a suggestion which the king ignored. Since Geoffrey was Eleanor's vassal, many believed that it was she who had been ultimately responsible for the change in plan, and thus the massacre. This suspicion of responsibility did nothing for her popularity in Christendom. She was also blamed for the size of the baggage train and the fact that her Aquitanian soldiers had marched at the front and thus were not involved in the fight. Continuing on, the army became split, with the commoners marching towards Antioch and the royalty travelling by sea. When most of the land army arrived, the king and queen had a dispute. Some, such as John of Salisbury and William of Tyre, say Eleanor's reputation was sullied by rumours of an affair with her uncle Raymond.
However, this rumour may have been a ruse, as Raymond, through Eleanor, had been trying to induce Louis to use his army to attack the actual Muslim encampment at nearby Beroea (modern Aleppo), gateway to retaking Edessa, which had all along, by papal decree, been the main objective of the Crusade.Шаблон:Efn Although this was perhaps a better military plan, Louis was not keen to fight in northern Syria. One of Louis's avowed Crusade goals was to journey in pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and he stated his intention to continue. Reputedly Eleanor then requested to stay with Raymond and brought up the matter of consanguinity—the fact that she and her husband, King Louis, were perhaps too closely related. Consanguinity was grounds for annulment in the medieval period. But rather than allowing her to stay, Louis took Eleanor from Antioch against her will and continued on to Jerusalem with his dwindling army.Шаблон:Sfn
Louis's refusal and his forcing her to accompany him humiliated Eleanor, and she maintained a low profile for the rest of the crusade. Louis's subsequent siege of Damascus in 1148 with his remaining army, reinforced by Conrad and Baldwin III of Jerusalem, achieved little. Damascus was a major wealthy trading centre and was under normal circumstances a potential threat, but the rulers of Jerusalem had recently entered into a truce with the city, which they then forswore. It was a gamble that did not pay off, and whether through military error or betrayal, the Damascus campaign was a failure. Louis's long march to Jerusalem and back north, which Eleanor was forced to join, debilitated his army and disheartened her knights; the divided Crusade armies could not overcome the Muslim forces, and the royal couple had to return home. The French royal family retreated to Jerusalem and then sailed to Rome and made their way back to Paris.
While in the eastern Mediterranean, Eleanor learned about maritime conventions developing there, which were the beginnings of what would become admiralty law. She introduced those conventions in her own lands on the island of Oléron in 1160 (with the "Rolls of Oléron") and later in England as well. She was also instrumental in developing trade agreements with Constantinople and ports of trade in the Holy Land.
Annulment (1152)
Even before the Crusade, Eleanor and Louis were becoming estranged, and their differences were only exacerbated while they were abroad. Eleanor's purported relationship with her uncle Raymond,Шаблон:Sfn the ruler of Antioch, was a major source of discord. Eleanor supported her uncle's desire to re-capture the nearby County of Edessa, the objective of the Crusade. In addition, having been close to him in their youth, she now showed what was considered to be "excessive affection" towards her uncle.Шаблон:Sfn
Home, however, was not easily reached. Louis and Eleanor, on separate ships due to their disagreements, were first attacked in May 1149 by Byzantine ships. Although they escaped this attempt unharmed, stormy weather drove Eleanor's ship far to the south to the Barbary Coast and caused her to lose track of her husband. Neither was heard of for over two months. In mid-July, Eleanor's ship finally reached Palermo in Sicily, where she discovered that she and her husband had both been given up for dead. She was given shelter and food by servants of King Roger II of Sicily, until the king eventually reached Calabria, and she set out to meet him there. Later, at King Roger's court in Potenza, she learned of the death of her uncle Raymond, who had been beheaded by Muslim forces in the Holy Land. This news appears to have forced a change of plans, for instead of returning to France from Marseilles, they went to see Pope Eugene III in Tusculum, where he had been driven five months before by a revolt of the Commune of Rome.
Eugene did not, as Eleanor had hoped, grant an annulment. Instead, he attempted to reconcile Eleanor and Louis, confirming the legality of their marriage. He proclaimed that no word could be spoken against it, and that it might not be dissolved under any pretext. He even arranged for Eleanor and Louis to sleep in the same bed.Шаблон:Sfn Thus was conceived their second child—not a son, but another daughter, Alix of France.
The marriage was now doomed. Still without a son and in danger of being left with no male heir, as well as facing substantial opposition to Eleanor from many of his barons and her own desire for annulment, Louis bowed to the inevitable. On 11 March 1152, they met at the royal castle of Beaugency to dissolve the marriage. Hugues de Toucy, archbishop of Sens, presided, and Louis and Eleanor were both present, as were the archbishop of Bordeaux and Rouen. Archbishop Samson of Reims acted for Eleanor.
On 21 March, the four archbishops, with the approval of Pope Eugene, granted an annulment on grounds of consanguinity within the fourth degree; Eleanor was Louis's third cousin once removed, and shared common ancestry with Robert II of France (Robert the Pious) and his wife Constance of Arles.Шаблон:Efn Their two daughters were, however, declared legitimate. Children born to a marriage that was later annulled were not at risk of being "bastardised," because "[w]here the parties married in good faith, without knowledge of an impediment, the canonists held that the children of the marriage were legitimate and that the marriage itself was valid up to the day it was declared null".Шаблон:Sfn Custody of the daughters was awarded to King Louis. Archbishop Samson received assurances from Louis that Eleanor's lands would be restored to her.
Queen of England (1154–1189)
As Eleanor travelled to Poitiers, Theobald V, Count of Blois and Geoffrey, Count of Nantes, tried to kidnap and marry her to claim her lands. This (rapuit et abduxit) was a common practice regarding heiresses, even in her own family.Шаблон:Sfn As soon as she arrived in Poitiers, Eleanor sent envoys to Geoffrey's brother, Henry Duke of Normandy and Count of Anjou (also known as Henry Plantagenet) asking him to come at once to marry her. On 18 May 1152 (Whit Sunday), eight weeks after her annulment, Eleanor married Henry, nine years her junior, in a quiet private ceremony thereby transferring her Aquitaine lands from Louis to Henry.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Eleanor was related to Henry even more closely than she had been to Louis: they were cousins to the third degree through their common ancestor Ermengarde of Anjou, wife of Robert I, Duke of Burgundy and Geoffrey, Count of Gâtinais, and they were also descended from King Robert II of France. A marriage between Henry and Eleanor's daughter Marie had earlier been declared impossible due to their status as third cousins once removed. It was rumoured by some that Eleanor had had an affair with Henry's own father, Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou, who had advised his son to avoid any involvement with her.
On 25 October 1154, Henry became king of England. A now heavily pregnant EleanorШаблон:Sfn was crowned queen of England by Theobald of Bec, the Archbishop of Canterbury, on 19 December 1154.Шаблон:Sfn She may not have been anointed on this occasion, however, because she had already been anointed in 1137.Шаблон:Sfn Over the next 13 years, she bore Henry five sons and three daughters: William, Henry, Richard, Geoffrey, John, Matilda, Eleanor, and Joan. Historian John Speed, in his 1611 work History of Great Britain, mentions the possibility that Eleanor had a son named Philip, who died young. His sources no longer exist, and he alone mentions this birth.Шаблон:Sfn
Eleanor's marriage to Henry was reputed to be tumultuous and argumentative, although sufficiently cooperative to produce at least eight pregnancies. Henry was by no means faithful to his wife and had a reputation for philandering; he fathered other, illegitimate, children throughout the marriage. Eleanor appears to have taken an ambivalent attitude towards these affairs. Geoffrey of York, for example, was an illegitimate son of Henry, but acknowledged by Henry as his child and raised at Westminster in the care of the queen.
During the period from Henry's accession to the birth of Eleanor's youngest son John, affairs in the kingdom were turbulent: Aquitaine, as was the norm, defied the authority of Henry as Eleanor's husband and answered only to their duchess. Attempts were made to claim Toulouse, the rightful inheritance of Eleanor's grandmother Philippa of Toulouse, but they ended in failure. A bitter feud arose between the king and Thomas Becket, initially his chancellor and closest adviser and later the archbishop of Canterbury. Louis of France had remarried and been widowed; he married for the third time and finally fathered a long-hoped-for son, Philip Augustus, also known as Dieudonné—God-given. "Young Henry", son of Henry and Eleanor, wed Margaret, daughter of Louis from his second marriage. Little is known of Eleanor's involvement in these events. By late 1166, Henry's affair with Rosamund Clifford had become known,Шаблон:Sfn and although much speculation has arisen that this precipitated a break in their relationship, the evidence does not support this.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn
In 1167, Eleanor's third daughter, Matilda, married Henry the Lion of Saxony. Eleanor remained in England with her daughter for the year prior to Matilda's departure for Normandy in September. In December, Eleanor gathered her movable possessions in England and transported them on several ships to Argentan. Christmas was celebrated at the royal court there, and she appears to have agreed to a separation from Henry. She certainly left for her own city of Poitiers immediately after Christmas. Henry did not stop her; on the contrary, he and his army personally escorted her there before attacking a castle belonging to the rebellious Lusignan family. Henry then went about his own business outside Aquitaine, leaving the Earl of Salisbury, his regional military commander, as her protective custodian. When the latter was killed in a skirmish, Eleanor, who proceeded to ransom his captured nephew, the young William Marshal, was left in control of her lands.
"The Court of Love" Poitiers (1168–1173)
Of all her influence on culture, Eleanor's time in Poitiers between 1168 and 1173 was perhaps the most critical, yet very little is known about it. Henry II was elsewhere, attending to his own affairs after escorting Eleanor there.Шаблон:Sfn Some believe that Eleanor's court in Poitiers was the "Court of Love" where Eleanor and her daughter Marie meshed and encouraged the ideas of troubadours, chivalry, and courtly love into a single court. It may have been largely to teach manners, something the French courts would be known for in later generations. Yet the existence and reasons for this court are debated.Шаблон:Sfn
In the 12th century The Art of Courtly Love, Andreas Capellanus (Andrew the Chaplain), refers to the court of Poitiers. He claims that Eleanor, her daughter Marie, Ermengarde, Viscountess of Narbonne, and Isabelle of Flanders would sit and listen to the quarrels of lovers and act as a jury to the questions of the court that revolved around acts of romantic love. He records some twenty-one cases, the most famous of them being a problem posed to the women about whether true love can exist in marriage. According to Capellanus, the women decided that it was not at all likely.Шаблон:Sfn
Some scholars believe that the "court of love" probably never existed since the only evidence for it is Andreas Capellanus's book. To strengthen their argument, they state that there is no other evidence that Marie ever stayed with her mother in Poitiers.Шаблон:Sfn Andreas wrote for the court of the king of France, where Eleanor was not held in esteem. Polly Schoyer Brooks, the author of a popular biography of Eleanor, suggests that the court did exist, but that it was not taken very seriously, and that acts of courtly love were just a "parlour game" made up by Eleanor and Marie in order to place some order over the young courtiers living there.[1]
There is no claim that Eleanor invented courtly love, for it was a concept that had begun to grow before Eleanor's court arose. All that can be said is that her court at Poitiers was most likely a catalyst for the increased popularity of courtly love literature in the Western European regions.Шаблон:Sfn Amy Kelly provides a plausible description of the origins of the rules of Eleanor's court: "In the Poitevin code, man is the property, the very thing of woman; whereas a precisely contrary state of things existed in the adjacent realms of the two kings from whom the reigning duchess of Aquitaine was estranged."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Revolt and imprisonment (1173–1189)
Revolt of 1173
In March 1173, aggrieved at his lack of power and egged on by Henry's enemies, his son by the same name, the younger Henry, launched the Revolt of 1173–1174. He fled to Paris. From there, "the younger Henry, devising evil against his father from every side by the advice of the French king, went secretly into Aquitaine where his two youthful brothers, Richard and Geoffrey, were living with their mother, and with her connivance, so it is said, he incited them to join him."Шаблон:Sfn One source claimed that the queen sent her younger sons to France "to join with him against their father the king."Шаблон:Sfn Once her sons had left for Paris, Eleanor may have encouraged the lords of the south to rise up and support them.Шаблон:Sfn
Sometime between the end of March and the beginning of May, Eleanor left Poitiers, but was arrested and sent to the king at Rouen. The king did not announce the arrest publicly and for the next year the queen's whereabouts were unknown. On 8 July 1174, Henry and Eleanor took ship for England from Barfleur. As soon as they disembarked at Southampton, Eleanor was taken either to Winchester Castle or Sarum Castle and held there.
Imprisonment (1173–1189)
Eleanor was imprisoned for the next 16 years, much of the time in various locations in England. During her imprisonment, Eleanor became more and more distant from her sons, especially from Richard, who had always been her favourite.Шаблон:Sfn She did not have the opportunity to see her sons very often during her imprisonment, though she was released for special occasions such as Christmas. About four miles from Shrewsbury and close by Haughmond Abbey is "Queen Eleanor's Bower", the remains of a possible triangular timber castle which is believed to have been one of her prisons.
Henry lost the woman reputed to be his great love, Rosamund Clifford, in 1176. He had met her in 1166 and had begun their liaison in 1173, supposedly contemplating divorce from Eleanor. This notorious affair caused a monkish scribe to transcribe Rosamund's name in Latin to "Rosa Immundi", or "Rose of Unchastity". The king had many mistresses, but although he treated earlier liaisons discreetly, he flaunted Rosamund. He may have done so to provoke Eleanor into seeking an annulment, but if so, the queen disappointed him. Nevertheless, rumours persisted, perhaps assisted by Henry's camp, that Eleanor had poisoned Rosamund. It is also speculated that Eleanor placed Rosamund in a bathtub and had an old woman cut Rosamund's arms.Шаблон:Sfn Henry donated much money to Godstow Nunnery in Oxfordshire, where Rosamund was buried.
In 1183, the young King Henry tried again to force his father to hand over some of his patrimony. In debt and refused control of Normandy, he tried to ambush his father at Limoges. He was joined by troops sent by his brother Geoffrey and Philip II of France. Henry II's troops besieged the town, forcing his son to flee. After wandering aimlessly through Aquitaine, Henry the Younger caught dysentery. On Saturday, 11 June 1183, the young king realized he was dying and was overcome with remorse for his sins. When his father's ring was sent to him, he begged that his father would show mercy to his mother, and that all his companions would plead with Henry to set her free. Henry II sent Thomas of Earley, Archdeacon of Wells, to break the news to Eleanor at Sarum.Шаблон:Efn Eleanor reputedly had a dream in which she foresaw her son Henry's death. In 1193, she would tell Pope Celestine III that she was tortured by his memory.
King Philip II of France claimed that certain properties in Normandy belonged to his half-sister Margaret, widow of the young Henry, but Henry insisted that they had once belonged to Eleanor and would revert to her upon her son's death. For this reason Henry summoned Eleanor to Normandy in the late summer of 1183. She stayed in Normandy for six months. This was the beginning of a period of greater freedom for the still-supervised Eleanor. Eleanor went back to England probably early in 1184.Шаблон:Sfn Over the next few years Eleanor often travelled with her husband and was sometimes associated with him in the government of the realm, but still had a custodian so that she was not free.
Widowhood (1189–1204)
Upon the death of her husband Henry II on 6 July 1189, Richard I was the undisputed heir. One of his first acts as king was to send William Marshal to England with orders to release Eleanor from prison; he found upon his arrival that her custodians had already released her.Шаблон:Sfn Eleanor rode to Westminster and received the oaths of fealty from many lords and prelates on behalf of the King. She ruled England in Richard's name, signing herself "Eleanor, by the grace of God, Queen of England". On 13Шаблон:NbspAugust 1189, Richard sailed from Barfleur to Portsmouth and was received with enthusiasm. Between 1190 and 1194, King Richard was absent from England, engaged in the Third Crusade from 1190 to 1192, and then held in captivity by Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor. During Richard's absence, royal authority in England was represented by a Council of Regency in conjunction with a succession of chief justiciars—William de Longchamp (1190–1191), [[Walter de Coutances|Walter deШаблон:NbspCoutances]] (1191–1193), and Hubert Walter. Although Eleanor held no formal office in England during this period, she arrived in England in the company of Coutances in June 1191, and for the remainder of Richard's absence, she exercised a considerable degree of influence over the affairs of England as well as the conduct of Prince John. Eleanor played a key role in raising the ransom demanded from England by HenryШаблон:NbspVI and in the negotiations with the Holy Roman Emperor that eventually secured Richard's release. Evidence of the influence she wielded can also be found within the numerous letters she wrote to Pope Celestine III regarding Richard's captivity. Her letter dated 1193, presents her strong expressions of personal suffering as a result of Richard's captivity and informs the Pope that in her grief she is "wasted away by sorrow".Шаблон:Sfn
Eleanor survived Richard, who died in 1199 and lived well into the reign of her youngest son, King John, whose succession she worked to ensure. That year, under the terms of a truce between King PhilipШаблон:NbspII and John, it was agreed that Philip's 12-year-old heir-apparent Louis would be married to one of John's nieces, daughters of his sister Eleanor of England, queen of Castile. John instructed his mother to travel to Castile to select one of the princesses. Now 77, Eleanor set out from Poitiers. Just outside Poitiers she was ambushed and held captive by Hugh IX of Lusignan, whose lands had been sold to HenryШаблон:NbspII by his forebears. Eleanor secured her freedom by agreeing to his demands. She continued south, crossed the Pyrenees, and travelled through the kingdoms of Navarre and Castile, arriving in Castile before the end of January 1200.
Eleanor's daughter, Queen Eleanor of Castile, had two remaining unmarried daughters, Urraca and Blanche. Eleanor selected the younger daughter, Blanche. She stayed for two months at the Castilian court, then late in March journeyed with granddaughter Blanche back across the Pyrenees. She celebrated Easter in Bordeaux, where the famous warrior Mercadier came to her court. It was decided that he would escort the queen and princess north. "On the second day in Easter week, he was slain in the city by a man-at-arms in the service of Brandin",Шаблон:Sfn a rival mercenary captain. This tragedy was too much for the elderly queen, who was fatigued and unable to continue to Normandy. She and Blanche rode in easy stages to the valley of the Loire, and she entrusted Blanche to the archbishop of Bordeaux, who took over as her escort. The exhausted Eleanor went to Fontevraud, where she remained. In early summer, Eleanor was ill, and John visited her at Fontevraud.
Eleanor was again unwell in early 1201. When war broke out between John and Philip, Eleanor declared her support for John and set out from Fontevraud to her capital Poitiers to prevent her grandson Arthur I, Duke of Brittany, posthumous son of Eleanor's son Geoffrey and John's rival for the English throne, from taking control. Arthur learned of her whereabouts and besieged her in the castle of Mirebeau. As soon as John heard of this, he marched south, overcame the besiegers, and captured the 15-year-old Arthur, and probably his sister Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany, whom Eleanor had raised with Richard. Eleanor then returned to Fontevraud where she took the veil as a nun.
Eleanor died on 31 March 1204 and was entombed in Fontevraud Abbey next to her husband Henry, her son Richard and daughter Joan.Шаблон:Sfn Her tomb effigy shows her reading a Bible and is decorated with representations of magnificent jewellery; such effigies were rare, and Eleanor's is one of the finest of the few that survive from this period.Шаблон:Sfn However, during the French Revolution the abbey of Fontevraud was sacked and the tombs were disturbed and vandalised – consequently the bones of Eleanor, Henry, Richard, Joanna and Isabella of Angoulême were exhumed and scattered, never to be recovered.Шаблон:Sfn By the time of her death she had outlived all of her children except for King John of England, who died in 1216, and Queen Eleanor of Castile.
Appearance
Contemporary sources praise Eleanor's beauty.Шаблон:Sfn Even in an era when ladies of the nobility were excessively eulogised and praised, their praise of her was undoubtedly sincere, though probably based on hearsay.Шаблон:Sfn When she was young, she was described as perpulchra—more than beautiful. When she was around 30, Bernard de Ventadour, a noted troubadour, called her "gracious, lovely, the embodiment of charm", extolling her "lovely eyes and noble countenance" and declaring that she was "one meet to crown the state of any king".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn William of Newburgh emphasised the charms of her person, and even in her old age Richard of Devizes described her as beautiful, while Matthew Paris, writing in the 13thШаблон:Nbspcentury, recalled her "admirable beauty", a common practice at the time, and "a woman of wonderful appearance, more beautiful than moral" and a "wonderful lady, most beautiful and astute".Шаблон:Sfn Richard of Devizes was similarly exuberant, but not all were in agreement. William of Tyre dismissed her as "uxorem quae una erat de fatuis mulieribus".Шаблон:Efn Another chronicler describes her as avenante, vaillante, courtoise.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Multiple image In spite of all these words of praise, no one left a detailed description of Eleanor, for instance the colour of her hair and eyes are unknown. Such details were of little interest to contemporary chroniclers, and portraiture was not a characteristic of the time, while contemporary descriptions were largely rhetorical.Шаблон:Sfn The effigy on her tomb (almost certainly not a true portrait) shows a tall and large-boned woman with brown skin.Шаблон:Sfn Her seal of Шаблон:Circa shows a woman with a slender figure, but this is probably an impersonal image.Шаблон:Sfn Images of Eleanor are common throughout history but since there are none from her lifetime, these are purely speculative. Some romanesque carvings, such as those at the Cloisters in New York and ChartresШаблон:Sfn and Bordeaux cathedrals have been attributed to her but these cannot be substantiated.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Popular culture
Art
Frederick Sandys, 1858
National Museum Cardiff Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn
Many representations of Eleanor of Aquitaine, or allusions to her have appeared over the centuries. Examples include Frederick Sandys 1858 painting, Queen EleanorШаблон:Sfn and Judy Chicago's installation The Dinner Party (1979) featuring a place setting for Eleanor.Шаблон:Sfn She was also commemorated on a French 0.50€ postage stamp in 2004, the 800th anniversary of her death.Шаблон:Sfn
Fiction and poetry
There have been many fictionalised accounts of Eleanor of Aquitaine over a long period of time. These include Jean Plaidy's 1987 autobiographical The Courts of Love (fifth in the 'Queens of England' series).Шаблон:Sfn Norah Lofts also wrote a fictionalized biography of her in 1955, entitled in various editions Queen in Waiting or Eleanor the Queen, and including some romanticized episodes—starting off with the young Eleanor planning to elope with a young knight, who is killed out of hand by her guardian, in order to facilitate her marriage to the King's son.Шаблон:Sfn Kristiana Gregory wrote a fictionalised diary, Eleanor: Crown Jewel of Aquitaine (The Royal Diaries series, 2002) .Шаблон:Sfn
Eleanor also features in the works of many historical novelists. These include The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood (1883) by Howard Pyle as Queen CatherineШаблон:Sfn and F. Marion Crawford's novel of the second crusade Via Crucis (1899).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She is the subject of A Proud Taste for Scarlet and Miniver, a 1973 children's novel by E. L. Konigsburg.Шаблон:Sfn and Margaret Ball's Duchess of Aquitaine: A novel of Eleanor (2006).Шаблон:Sfn
In Sharon Kay Penman's Plantagenet novels, she figures prominently in When Christ and His Saints Slept (1995), Time and Chance (2002), and Devil's Brood (2008), and also appears in Lionheart (2011) and A King's Ransom (2014), both of which focus on the reign of her son, Richard I, as King of England. Eleanor also appears briefly in the first novel of Penman's Welsh trilogy, Here Be Dragons (1985). In Penman's historical Justin de Quincy mysteries, Eleanor, as Richard's regent, sends squire Justin de Quincy on various missions, often an investigation of a situation involving Prince John. The four published mysteries are the Queen's Man (1996), Cruel as the Grave (1998), Dragon's Lair (2003), and Prince of Darkness (2005).Шаблон:Sfn Other novels include Elizabeth Chadwick's Eleanor trilogy The Summer Queen (2013), The Winter Crown (2014), and The Autumn Throne (2016).Шаблон:Sfn Ariana Franklin features Eleanor in her Adelia Aguilar twelfth century mysteries. In 2008, in The Serpent's Tale (The Death Maze),Шаблон:Sfn in 2010 in A Murderous Procession (The Assassin's Prayer)Шаблон:Sfn and 2020 in Death and the Maiden.Шаблон:Sfn She is also a character in Matrix by Lauren Groff (2021).Шаблон:Sfn
Eleanor is also an allegorical figure in Ezra Pound's Cantos.Шаблон:Sfn
Drama, film, radio and television
Elinor is a character in Shakespeare's The Life and Death of King John.Шаблон:Sfn Una Venning played the role in the Sunday Night Theatre television version of this in (1952)Шаблон:Sfn and Mary Morris in the BBC Shakespeare version (1984).Шаблон:Sfn
Eleanor has featured in a number of screen versions of the Ivanhoe and Robin Hood stories. She has been played by Martita Hunt in The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men (1952), Jill Esmond in The Adventures of Robin Hood (1955–1960), Phyllis Neilson-Terry in Ivanhoe (1958), Yvonne Mitchell in The Legend of Robin Hood (1975), Siân Phillips in Ivanhoe (1997), Tusse Silberg in The New Adventures of Robin Hood (1997), Lynda Bellingham in Robin Hood (2006) and most recently by Eileen Atkins in Robin Hood (2010).
Eleanor was played by Mary Clare in Becket (1923), and by Pamela Brown in the 1964 Becket. Henry II and Eleanor are the main characters in James Goldman's 1966 play The Lion in WinterШаблон:Efn and Katharine Hepburn played Eleanor in the 1968 film The Lion in Winter.Шаблон:Efn Glenn Close and Patrick Stewart played Eleanor and Henry in the 2003 version.Шаблон:Sfn
Eleanor was played by Prudence Hyman in Richard the Lionheart (1962), twice by Jane Lapotaire in the The Devil's Crown (1978) and again in Mike Walker's BBC Radio 4 series Plantagenet (2010). In the 2014 film Richard the Lionheart: Rebellion, Eleanor is played by Debbie Rochon. In the BBC Radio 4 Eleanor Rising Rose Basista plays Eleanor and Joel MacCormack King Louis (2020-2022).Шаблон:Sfn
Music
Eleanor of Aquitaine is thought to be the chunegin von Engellant (Queen of England) mentioned in the 12th century poem "Were diu werlt alle min," in Carl Orff's Carmina Burana.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Queen Eleanor's Confession, a traditional 17th century Child Ballad, is a fictional account of Eleanor, Henry II and William Marshal.Шаблон:Sfn Eleanor (as Eleonora di Guienna) and Rosamund Clifford, as well as Henry IIШаблон:Nbspand Rosamund's father, appear in Gaetano Donizetti's opera Rosmonda d'Inghilterra (libretto by Felice Romani) (1834). Flower and Hawk is a monodrama for soprano and orchestra, written by American composer, Carlisle Floyd in 1972, in which Eleanor relives past memories of her time as queen, and at the end hears the bells that toll for Henry II's death, and in turn, her freedom.
Video games
In the 2019 video game expansion Civilization VI: Gathering Storm, Eleanor is a playable leader for the English and French civilizations.Шаблон:Sfn
Genealogy
Sources: Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Ancestors
Шаблон:Chart top Шаблон:Chart/start
Шаблон:Chart Шаблон:Chart Шаблон:Chart
Шаблон:Chart/end Шаблон:Chart bottom
Consanguinity
Шаблон:Chart top Шаблон:Chart/start
Шаблон:Chart
Шаблон:Chart
Шаблон:Chart
Шаблон:Chart/end
Шаблон:Chart bottom
Family relationships
Шаблон:Chart top Шаблон:Chart/start
Шаблон:Chart Шаблон:Chart Шаблон:Chart Шаблон:Chart
Шаблон:Chart/end
Шаблон:Chart bottom
Issue
Legacy
The life of Eleanor of Aquitaine has inspired a large canon of literature, reflected in popular culture. This has varied considerably from scholarly research to romantic fictionalised history, and everything in between. Nicholas Vincent writes that this includes "the very worst historical writing devoted to the European Middle Ages" and concludes that "the Eleanor of history has been overshadowed by an Eleanor of wishful-thinking and make-believe".Шаблон:Sfn Legends about her started during her lifetime and rapidly grew, and much of it appears in the chronicles of the late twelfth century which constitute almost all that is known of her.Шаблон:Sfn Most of these paint her in an unfavourable light, yet none are actually first hand accounts.Шаблон:Sfn Many of the accounts of her life are composed "so distant in time and place" from the events as to have little credence,Шаблон:Sfn and chroniclers were more concerned with their messages than an accurate setting out of facts.Шаблон:Sfn Messages, that were laden with ideology.Шаблон:Sfn In Eleanoor's case the ideology was largely negative.Шаблон:Sfn The aspects of her life most valued by modern romanticisation were those her contemporary commentators found most unacceptable in her position. Most of these were clerics, like William of Tyre, John of Salisbury, Mathew Paris, Helinand de Froidment and Aubri des Trois Fontaines and based their assessments on "the common talk of the day".Шаблон:Sfn In this way, gossip and rumour, ofter prefaced by ut dicibatur (as it was said)Шаблон:Sfn became included in the records of the times and then into later histories and biographies.Шаблон:Sfn Among modern biographies, one of the first by Amy Kelly (1950),Шаблон:Sfn while relying on literary sources but not historical recordsШаблон:Sfn is "legend focussed" and highly romanticised in a way that cannot be substantiated.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In the absence of much reliable information about Eleanor herself, biographers have largely focused on the people around her and the political and cultural events of her time. Her importance lies not so much on who she was, as what she was. In the words of one chronicler "wife of two kings, and mother of three", while her longevity allowed her to be an influence on many people who had shorter life spans.Шаблон:Sfn
It was not uncommon in contemporary literature, for authors to dedicate their works to nobility, seeking favours, but this does not imply the latter were involved with or were responsible for the work being produced. But this has led to much speculation as to whether allusions to Eleanor apeared in such work. Thus, Philippe de Thaon presented a copy of his bestiary to Eleaanor in 1154, including a dedication seeking her to use her influence on the king to advance his family interests.(Turner 2009) Layamon, in his translation of Wace's Brut, one of many retellings of the Arthurian legend, claimed it was dedicated to Eleanor.(Turner 2009)Шаблон:Sfn Eleanor's daughter, Marie commissioned Chrétien de Troyes to produce a French version of the legend.Шаблон:Sfn
See also
- House of Plantagenet
- Angevin Empire
- Capetians
- House of Capet
- Grandmother of Europe, sobriquet of Eleanor of Aquitaine and others
- List of longest-reigning monarchs
Notes
Citations
Footnotes
Bibliography
Books
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Link note
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Link note
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Link note
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Link note
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Link note
- Шаблон:Cite book
Historical sources
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Link note
- Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Link note
- Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Link note
Biography (chronological)
- Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Link note
- Шаблон:Cite book Шаблон:Link note
- Шаблон:Cite book Шаблон:Link note
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book;
- Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Link note
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book Шаблон:Link note
- Шаблон:Cite book Шаблон:Link note
- Шаблон:Cite book Шаблон:Link note
- Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Link note
- Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Link note
- Шаблон:Cite book Шаблон:Link note
- Шаблон:Cite book Шаблон:Link note
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Link note
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book Excerpt
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Fiction
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Link note
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Link note
- Шаблон:Cite book
Chapters
- Шаблон:Cite work, in Шаблон:Harvtxt
- Шаблон:Cite work, in Шаблон:Harvtxt
- Шаблон:Cite work, in Шаблон:Harvtxt
- Шаблон:Cite work, in Шаблон:Harvtxt
- Шаблон:Cite work, in Шаблон:Harvtxt
Articles and theses
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Theses
Encyclopaedias
Websites
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite work
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite AV media
External links
Шаблон:S-start Шаблон:S-hou Шаблон:S-reg Шаблон:S-bef Шаблон:S-ttl Шаблон:S-aft |- Шаблон:S-ttl |- Шаблон:S-roy |- Шаблон:S-bef Шаблон:S-ttl Шаблон:S-vac |- Шаблон:S-vac Шаблон:S-ttl Шаблон:S-vac Шаблон:S-end Шаблон:French consort Шаблон:English consort Шаблон:Poitou Counts Шаблон:Authority control
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Eleanor of Aquitaine
- 1120s births
- 1204 deaths
- 12th-century English people
- 12th-century English women
- 12th-century French nobility
- 12th-century French women
- 12th-century regents
- 12th-century women regents
- 12th-century women rulers
- 13th-century English people
- 13th-century English women
- 13th-century French nobility
- 13th-century French women
- 13th-century women rulers
- Medieval letter writers
- Annulment
- Burials at Fontevraud Abbey
- Christians of the Second Crusade
- Countesses of Anjou
- Countesses of Maine
- Counts of Poitiers
- Dukes of Aquitaine
- Duchesses regnant
- Duchesses of Normandy
- Dukes of Gascony
- English royal consorts
- French patrons of literature
- Queens consort of France
- Henry II of England
- House of Poitiers
- People from Aquitaine
- Queen mothers
- Regents of England
- Remarried royal consorts
- Robin Hood characters
- Women in 12th-century warfare
- Women in medieval European warfare
- Women in war in the Middle East
- Women who experienced pregnancy loss
- Year of birth uncertain
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
