Английская Википедия:Electoral college
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:EngvarB Шаблон:Use dmy dates
An electoral college is a set of electors who are selected to elect a candidate to particular offices. Often these represent different organizations, political parties or entities, with each organization, political party or entity represented by a particular number of electors or with votes weighted in a particular way. The United States has been the only democracy in the 21st century that still uses an electoral college to select its executive president. The other democracies that used an electoral college for these elections switched to direct elections in the 19th or 20th century.[1]:215
Examples
The United States Electoral College is the only remaining electoral college in democracies where an executive president is not directly elected.[2][3]
President of the United States
Past examples
The following examples are of electoral colleges that were replaced by other mechanisms of election like direct elections and are no longer in use.
Latin America
Before 1840, all presidents in Latin America were indirectly elected by legislatures or electoral colleges.[4]:202
Brazil's military dictatorship chose its president by an electoral college starting in 1964 comprising senators, deputies, state deputies, and lawmakers in the cities. The electoral college was replaced with a two-round system direct election in 1989, after the restoration of democracy.[5]
Colombia eliminated its electoral college in 1910.[4]:205
Argentina had an electoral college for its president starting with its 1853 Constitution[6]Шаблон:Primary inline until amended in 1949 by President Juan Perón who replaced it with direct elections by popular vote starting in 1951. After the Revolución Libertadora the 1957 reform repealed the 1949 Constitution and the electoral college was used again in the elections of 1958 and 1963. The elections of March 1973 and September 1973 used direct elections by popular vote and a not used two-round system according to the Temporary Fundamental Statute enacted by the military junta in 1972. The elections of 1983 and 1989 used again the electoral college. The constitution was amended in 1994 and the electoral college was replaced with direct elections by popular vote, using a two-round system since 1995.[5]
Paraguay had an electoral college that was established by the 1870 Constitution, which was used to elect its president. The constitution was replaced in 1940 and the electoral college was replaced with direct elections by popular vote since 1943.[5]
Chile had an electoral college established by the 1828 Constitution, which was used to elect its president in the elections from 1829 to 1920. The constitution was amended in 1925 and the electoral college was replaced with direct elections by popular vote since 1925.[5]
Europe
Norway used regional electoral colleges from 1814-1905 to elect legislators to the Storting, before switching to direct elections.[4]:199-201
France had its president elected by the legislature from 1875 to 1954. The first presidential election of the Fifth Republic which elected Charles de Gaulle was the only presidential election where the winner was determined via an electoral college.[5] The electoral college was replaced after the 1962 referendum, with direct elections by popular vote, using a two-round system since 1965.
Finland had an electoral college for the country's president from 1925 to 1988, except 1944 (exception law), 1946 (parliament) and 1973 (extended term by exception law). The electoral college was replaced by direct elections (consisting of two-round voting) since 1994.Шаблон:Citation needed
In Spain, during the Second Republic period (1931–1936–39) the president was elected by an electoral college comprising the Parliament members and an equal number of democratically elected members ("compromisarios").Шаблон:Citation needed
Asia
During South Korea's dictatorships of the Fourth and Fifth Republics from 1972 until 1981, the president was elected by an electoral college until democratization resulted in direct elections starting in 1987. Additionally, during the Fourth Republic, one-third of members of the National Assembly were nominally elected by the same electoral college which elected the president, though in practice they were appointed by the president.Шаблон:Citation needed
South Africa
In apartheid-era South Africa from 1961 to 1983, the state president of South Africa was appointed by an electoral college consisting of all the members of the House of Assembly of South Africa and the Senate of South Africa.[7]Шаблон:Primary inline Although after the adoption of the 1983 Constitution, transferring the position of state president from a legislative one to an executive one, the new House of Assembly, House of Representatives, and House of Delegates would designate 50, 25, and 13 of their members to the electoral college respectively.[8]Шаблон:Primary inline The electoral college would disappear along with the apartheid government, with the president of South Africa being elected by the South African Parliament in 1994, which is still the method of election to this day.Шаблон:Citation needed
Notes
References
Sources
External links
- "A Handbook of Electoral System Design Шаблон:Webarchive" from International IDEA
- A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ The Constitution of Argentina of 1853, 32nd to 63rd Articles – Retrieved 16 January 2015
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
