Английская Википедия:Eleven-Faced Avalokitesvara Heart Dharani Sutra

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Файл:'Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara with Eleven Heads', Tibet, Norton Simon Museum.JPG

Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara with Eleven Heads, gilt bronze with copper, gold, silver inlay and pigment, Tibet, 16th century. Norton Simon Museum. The eleven faces symbolize the ten directions of space (the four cardinal directions, the four intercardinal directions, the nadir and the zenith, that the Boddhisattva can observe simultaneously.

Файл:Sibilmyeon-Gwanseeum-bosal.jpg

The Eleven Faced Gwanseum (Korean name of Avalokiteśvara) , stone carving.Seokguram Grotto, Gyeongju, South Korea.

The Heart-dhāraṇī of Avalokiteśvara-ekadaśamukha Sūtra (Chinese: 佛說十一面觀世音神咒經; Japanese: 十一面神呪心經 Jūichimen-jinshushin-gyō) is a Buddhist text first translated from Sanskrit into Chinese on the 28th day of the third lunar month of 656 CE, by Xuanzang. The title in Tibetan is Spyan-ras-gzigs-dbang-phyug-shal bcu-gcig-pa, while the Sanskrit title recovered from the Tibetan translation is Avalokiteśvara ekadaśamukha dhāraṇī. Alternatively, the sutra's title has been translated as the Eleven-Faced Avalokitesvara Heart Dharani Sutra by Professor Ryuichi Abe.

There are several versions, which are often confused with each other. It is generally believedШаблон:By whom that this dhāraṇī has no direct relationship with the Great Compassion Mantra in Mahayana Buddhism. However, it is often falsely namedШаблон:By whom as the Tibetan Great Compassion Mantra (藏傳大悲咒) or the Great Compassion Mantra in Sanskrit (梵音大悲咒) in Chinese-speaking regions and in Vietnam, many peopleШаблон:Who unduly conflating the two texts.

This sutra contains the dhāraṇī Heart-dhāraṇī of Avalokiteśvara-ekadaśamukha (Chinese:聖十一面觀自在菩薩根本咒). In the text, the Buddha introduces and talks about the benefits and the incredible power of this dhāraṇī.

There is a sung version of the dhāraṇī that is very popular among Buddhists in Southeast Asia and is performed by famous religious or lay artists.

Several versions

We can refer to at least three sources to study this sutra, whose respective versions do not coincide exactly. The scholar Nalinaksha Dutt wrote in his book Gilgit manuscripts (1939): Шаблон:Blockquote

It should be kept in mind that until the discovery of the Gilgit manuscripts in 1931, the Ekadaśamukha-sūtra was known only from the Chinese and Tibetan versions, which in turn were retranslated into Sanskrit. This means that the original language text could only be studied from 1931. Unfortunately, the manuscripts found dating from the 5th or 6th century are deteriorated or incomplete, and it is often difficult to reconstruct the exact text.

Hence the differences mentioned (at best), or (at worst), the near impossibility of reconstructing the text in its entirety. The Indian scholar Nalinaksha Dutt carried out, between 1939 and 1943, a considerable work of reconstitution of the Sanskrit manuscripts, without however translating them into English.Шаблон:Sfn

The Heart-dhāraṇī of Avalokiteśvara-ekadaśamukha Sūtra

Файл:Nigatsudou-zentai.jpg

The annual Tōdai-ji Shuni-e ceremony in Nara, Japan, in 2016. Crowd of Buddhists gathered outside the temple. Inside, during the repentance ceremony, eleven monks invoque the Bodhisattva and repeat the Eleven-Faced Avalokitesvara Heart Dharani Sutra for several hours, six times a day.

The text introduces the heart dharani of the Bodhisattva, Avalokitesvara, as the following lines, translated by Prof. Abe indicate:Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Blockquote

Later, the Bodhisattva states:Шаблон:Sfn

The sutra is used in various Buddhist ceremonies, including the famous Shuni-e ceremony at Tōdai-ji Temple in Nara, Japan. There is no full English translation.

Heart-dhāraṇī of Avalokiteśvara-ekadaśamukha

The Heart-dhāraṇī of Avalokiteśvara-ekadaśamukha (Chinese:聖十一面觀自在菩薩根本咒/十一面觀音心咒) is the dhāraṇī introduced in Heart-dhāraṇī of Avalokiteśvara-ekadaśamukha Sūtra. Below is the romanized Sanskrit from indian monk Amoghavajra (around 750 AD) version, Taishō T20n1069_001Шаблон:Efn:

Файл:Avalokiteshvara, 1656, Museum of Fine Arts, Hanoi (2) (38468770192).jpg

Sculpture representing the Thousand-Armed and Eleven Faced Avalokitesvera sitting on a lotus, painted wood, 1656, Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts, Hanoi.

Ekadaśamukha-sūtra

A third version must also be mentioned here. It differs slightly from that of Amoghavajra's quoted above. Here is the romanised version in Sanskrit IASTШаблон:,.

In fact, the Devanagari text is identical to that of Dutt , completed by the IAST transcription : Шаблон:Quote

Файл:Clevelandart 1959.129.jpg

Sculpture representing the Eleven Faced Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva. China, Tang dynasty (around 700 AD), gray sandstone, 129.6 x 63.6 x 25 cm. Cleveland Museum of Art.

Relationship to the Great Compassion Mantra

It is generally believed that this dhāraṇī has no direct relationship with the Great Compassion Mantra , or Nīlakantha dhāranī in Mahayana Buddhism. However, it is often falsely named as Tibetan Great Compassion Mantra (藏傳大悲咒) or The Great Compassion Mantra in Sanskrit (梵音大悲咒).

In Chinese-speaking countries and in Vietnam, the Eleven-Faced Avalokiteśvara Heart dhāraṇī Sutra is as popular as the Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī, so much so that they are often confused with each other. The confusion probably arises from the fact that the two dhāraṇī, though distinct, are also referred to by the same alternative title: Great Compassion Mantra. Their respective texts are very different, having only their reference to Avalokitesvara in commonШаблон:Efn.

Some peopleШаблон:Who believe that the dhāraṇī is told by the Eleven-Faced Avalokitesvara, an esoteric bodhisattva in Tibetan Buddhism, and that it is the equivalent Tibetan version of The Great Compassion Mantra in Mahayana Buddhism. This is why it is often being referred to as Tibetan Great Compassion Mantra, while the sung text currently discussed is in Sanskrit. However, this opinion is not accepted by most Mahayana BuddhistsШаблон:Efn.

The title Eleven-Faced Avalokitesvara Heart Dharani Sutra is due to the Japanese historian Ryuichi Abe. The dhāraṇī is also known with the title Tibetan Great Compassion Mantra (藏傳大悲咒), which suggests a Tibetan.Шаблон:Sfn

In Buddhist music

About the text

The sung version presents several variants between the three known versions in Sanskrit, in Chinese and Tibetan, as already mentioned (see section "Several versions").

The text of the sung version of the dhāraṇī (only in Sanskrit) appears in N. Dutt's Gilgit Manuscripts, volume I p. 148 of the digitized version accessible via archive.org Шаблон:Efn, the Chinese is that of Amoghavajra already mentioned, and the Tibetan is by an unidentified translator. The lyrics of this sung version are always interpreted in Sanskrit, regardless of the countries and interpreters.

One Song Two titles

There are several musical scores, whose tempo varies (slow or fast) depending on the performers. The chanting of this dhāraṇī is one of the most popular and famous piece of Buddhist music in Chinese-speaking countries and in Vietnam. Its popularity is probably due to the fact that it sung by famous Asian performers among Buddhists, such as the Nepalese-Tibetan bhikkhunī Ani Chöying Drölma, or the Malaysian-Chinese singer Imee OoiШаблон:Efn.

However, many recordings of this chant is falsely named Tibetan Great Compassion Mantra (藏傳大悲咒) or The Great Compassion Mantra in Sanskrit (梵音大悲咒) by Chinese-language publishing brands.

Following the development of the internet in recent decades, the number of online postings by religious organisations is constantly increasing. Tens of thousands of sites offer the same interpretation, sometimes choreographed, some of which have several million viewsШаблон:,Шаблон:,.

The fact that a dharani including in its title: Avalokiteśvara with eleven faces is the subject of a real craze to the point of being assimilated to the "Nīlakaṇṭha" can easily be understood. Indeed, the scholar Lokesh Chandra wrote: Шаблон:Blockquote

English translation

Here is the English translation of the most popular sung text in Chinese speaking countries and in Vietnam , realized from the romanized Sanskrit (or IAST) Amogavajra's versionШаблон:Efn. The numbers in brackets have been added, as the sentences (or verses) in the original are not numberedШаблон:Efn:

Файл:Chu Dai Bi (Maha Karuna Dharani) 4.Viêt Nam.Dépliant-couleur (Format 21x14,5 cm).jpg

Great Compassion Mantra (Chinese: 大悲咒, Dàbēi zhòu; Vietnamese: Chú Đại Bi). In Chinese-speaking countries and in Vietnam , this text is as popular as the Eleven-Faced Avalokiteśvara Heart dhāraṇī Sutra , with which it is often confused. This confusion probably stems from the fact that the two dhāraṇī are often incorrectly referred to by the same title: Great Compassion Mantra. The text presented above is the Vietnamese version, a transliteration of the Chinese one. We note that it consists of 84 verses, whereas the Eleven-Faced Avalokiteśvara Heart dhāraṇī has only 21, 24 or 26 verses depending on the version.

1. Namo Ratna Trayāya (Homage to the Triple Gem)
2. Namaḥ Ārya Jñāna Sāgara (Homage to the ocean of noble wisdom)
3. Vairocana (The Luminous One or The IlluminatorШаблон:Efn)
4. Vyūha Rājāya (To the King of the ManifestationsШаблон:EfnШаблон:,Шаблон:Sfn.)
5. Tathāgatāya (To the Tathāgata)
6. Arhate (To the Arhat)
7. Samyaksam Buddhāya (To the perfectly awakened one)
8. Namo Sarwa Tathātebhyaḥ (Homage to all TathāgatasШаблон:Efn)
9. Arahatabhyah (To the Arhats)
10. Samyaksam Buddhebhyaḥ (To the fully and perfectly awakened ones )
11. Namo Arya Avalokiteśvarāya (Homage to Noble Avalokiteśvara )
12. Bodhisattvāya (To the Bodhisattva)
13. Mahasattvāya (To the Great)
14. Mahakarunikāya (To the Greatly Compassionate one)
15. Tadyathā. Ōṃ (Thus. Om)
16. Dhara Dhara, Dhiri Dhiri, Dhuru Dhuru (Sustain us , Sustain us, Sustain us Шаблон:Efn)
17. Iṭṭe vitte ( May we have the strength )
18. Cale Cale (or Itte cale) ( To move forward, to move forward )
19. Pracale Pracale ( To move forward further, to move further along the path )
20. Kusumē, Kusumavare ( Where to pick the fruits Шаблон:Efn.)
21. Ili Milli Citi jvalam Apanāye. Svāhā. (Who bring the blazing understanding. Hail!).

• Two interpreters having contributed to the popularity of the sung version
• Ani Chöying Drölma

  Ani Chöying Drölma

• Imee Ooi

  Imee Ooi

• Ani Chöying Drölma is a Nepalese-Tibetan Buddhist bhikkhunī. In concert and recordings, she performs the sung version of the Eleven-Faced Avalokiteśvara Heart dhāraṇī Sutra, in Sanskrit, but entitled Namo Ratna Great Compassion MantraШаблон:,.

• Imee Ooi is a Malaysian-Chinese singer, who has recorded the Eleven-Faced Avalokiteśvara Heart dhāraṇī Sutra in Sanskrit, but entitled Arya Ekadasa-Mukha Dharani which she also performs in concert.

Works cited

• Шаблон:Cite book.
• Шаблон:Cite book. Шаблон:Access-date.
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book. Шаблон:Access-date.

External links

• Chinese version of sutra translated by Xuanzang in the Taisho Tripitaka (T20.1071). Шаблон:Access-date.