Английская Википедия:Elijah of Nisibis

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Шаблон:Infobox Christian leader Elijah,Шаблон:Sfnp Eliya,[1] or Elias of NisibisШаблон:Sfnp (Шаблон:Lang-syc, 11Шаблон:NbspFebruary 975Шаблон:Nbsp– 18Шаблон:NbspJuly 1046) was an Assyrian cleric of the Church of the East, who served as bishop of Beth Nuhadra (1002–1008) and archbishop of Nisibis (1008–1046). He has been called the most important Christian writer in Arabic—or even throughout non-Christian AsiaШаблон:Sfnp—during the 11th century.Шаблон:Sfnp He is best known for his Chronography, which is an important source for the history of Sassanid Persia.

Name

He shares the name of the Biblical prophet Elijah (Шаблон:Lang-he, Eliyahu), whose name meant "My God is Jah".[2][3] The Syriac form of his name is Ēlīyā or Ēlīyāh (ܐܹܠܝܼܵܐ) in Classical and Eastern Syriac and Ēlīyō (ܐܶܠܺܝܳܐ) in Western Syriac. In Latin translation, this became Elias.

He is usually distinguished as "Elijah of Nisibis" (Шаблон:Lang-la;Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang-ar) from the location of his archbishopric. He is also known by the patronymic Шаблон:Nowrap (Шаблон:Lang-syc; Шаблон:Lang-ar),[4] meaning "Elijah, son of Shenna", in reference to the place of his birth.Шаблон:Sfnp

Life

Файл:D501- vallée du petit zab à bechast. -L2-Ch 3.png
The valley of the Little Zab in the 19th century.

[[File:Mar Jacob Church, Nisibis.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The ruins of the medieval [[Jacob of Nisibis|StШаблон:NbspJacob]] Cathedral in present-day Nusaybin, Turkey.]] Elijah was born in Shenna, just south of the Little Zab's confluence with the TigrisШаблон:Sfnp (near present-day Al-Zab, Iraq) on 11 February 975.Шаблон:Sfnp

On Sunday, 15Шаблон:NbspSeptember 994, he was ordained as a priest at the monastery of Mar Shemʿon by Yohannes, archbishop of Fars and bishop of Shenna.Шаблон:Sfn He studied throughout northern Mesopotamia, including Mosul.Шаблон:Sfnp

On Sunday, 15Шаблон:NbspFebruary 1002, he was consecrated bishop of Beth Nuhadra (present-day Dohuk, Iraq) by Yohannan, who had become the Patriarch of the Church of the East in 1000Шаблон:Sfn by appealing directly to the Abbasid governor at Shiraz without regard to the usual election procedures.[5]

On Sunday, 26Шаблон:NbspDecember 1008, he succeeded Yahballaha as archbishop of Nisibis (present-day Nusaybin, Turkey).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

From 15–29 July 1026, he paid a series of visits—the "Seven Sessions"—to the Abbasid vizier Abu'l-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Maghribi to discuss Christian doctrines and other topics.Шаблон:Sfnp Additional meetings between the two were held in December 1026 and June 1027.Шаблон:Sfnp Three letters—two by Elijah and one by the vizier—are preserved from their correspondence the following year, showing their continuing good relations.Шаблон:Sfnp

He died on 18 July 1046 at Mayyafariqin.Шаблон:Sfnp

Works

Шаблон:Anchor

Chronography

Elijah is best known for his Chronography or Chronology (Шаблон:Lang-ar; Шаблон:Lang-la), which forms an important source concerning the history of Sassanid Persia.Шаблон:Sfn It is divided into two sections, a chronicle modeled after Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History and a treatment of calendars and calendrical calculations. It is exceptional among Syriac chronicles for the large amount of civil history Elijah included among his ecclesiastical notices.Шаблон:Sfnp The chronicle includes separate lists of the Sassanid dynasty (after the lost 7th-century work of James of Edessa) and the patriarchs of SeleuciaШаблон:Sfn (after the lost 5th-century work of Annianus of Alexandria).Шаблон:Sfnp The popes and other patriarchs are included in the general annals which begin during the reign of the Roman emperor Tiberius and end with the year 1018.Шаблон:Sfn His treatment of calendrical systems has tables for computation of the Syriac and Persian new years and includes several Zoroastrian calendars, along with their feasts and holidays. As seen, many of Elijah's own sources, which he thoroughly documents, have now been lost and his own work is preserved in only a single manuscript,[6]Шаблон:Efn which fortunately includes few omissions.Шаблон:Efn The manuscript is in Syriac, with most paragraphs in the first section followed by an Arabic translation.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfnp The Chronography was the last East Syrian text to be written in Syriac.Шаблон:Sfnp

There have been two published editions of the work:

Шаблон:Anchor

Book of Sessions

Elijah's Book of Sessions or Dialogues[7] (Шаблон:Lang-ar) claims to relate his conversations during his seven visits to the Abbasid vizier Abu'l-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Maghribi.[8] Dedicated to the "honorable, believing, elder brother" Abu al-ʿAla Saʿid ibn Sahl al-Katib, the work is intended as a literary apologetic as much as record of the events of the seven meetings, with its epilogue including the imprimatur of the patriarchal secretary Abu al-Faraj ʿAbd Allah ibn at-Tayyib.Шаблон:Sfnp In order, the chapters cover:Шаблон:Sfnp

According to Elijah's account, the vizier asking for the meetings after he had experienced a miraculous cure at the hands of a Christian monk, causing him to reconsider his previous understanding of their faith as polytheistic and unfaithful to God.Шаблон:Sfnp It is particularly remembered for its statement of Christian monotheism in trinity in its 5th dialogue.[7]

A full critical edition of the Book of Sessions along with the correspondence between Elijah and Abu'l-Qasim al-Maghribi was published by Nikolai N. Seleznyov.[9]

Other works

Файл:The Book of the Interpreter WDL7083.pdf
A 1524 manuscript edition of Elijah's Book of the Interpreter.

Elijah also composed other theological and scholarly works.

He wrote defenses of Nestorianism against both Islam and other Christian denominations and treatises on Syrian canon law, asceticism, and ethics. His guide to "rational management" of anxiety (Шаблон:Lang-ar) is also dedicated to the Abbasid vizier, whom he claims requested such a book during their sessions together. It advocates cultivating a general thankfulness; treatment of general anxiety through the religious virtues of piety, gratitude, chastity, humility, mercy, and repentance; and treatment of specific anxieties through the philosophical virtues of seeking advice, behaving well, and being generous, just, and forgiving.Шаблон:Sfnp His "Letter on the Unity of the Creator and Trinity of His Hypotases" (Шаблон:Lang-ar) states the arguments for trinitarianism for a curious Islamic judge.Шаблон:Sfnp His "Letter on the Merit of Chastity" (Шаблон:Lang-ar) attempts to refute Muʿtazilī al-Jāhiz's (Шаблон:Abbr. 869) arguments in favor of physical pleasure.Шаблон:Sfnp

He also composed a Syriac grammar and a Syriac–Arabic dictionary,Шаблон:Sfn The Book of the Interpreter (Шаблон:Lang-ar, 'The Book of the Interpreter for Teaching the Syriac Language' ). The Arabic sections of the book were written using Garshuni, a transliteration of Arabic into the Syriac alphabet.[10] The work was further translated into Latin by Thomas Obicini as his 1636 Шаблон:Lang.[11]

Editions of these works include: Шаблон:Expand list

Legacy

In addition to Elijah's importance to Persian history and for his preservation of passages of otherwise lost ancient and medieval authors,Шаблон:Sfn he became famed throughout the Islamic world for his studious method and wide-ranging expertise in Christian and Islamic theology, language and literature, philosophy, medicine, and mathematics.Шаблон:Sfnp

Notes

Шаблон:Noteslist

References

Шаблон:Commons category In addition to surviving manuscripts of Elijah's own works, the other primary source for his story is Mari ibn Sulaiman's Book of the Tower, as expanded and emended by Amr ibn Matta and Saliba ibn Yuhanna.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfn

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Citation.
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Citation.
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Citation.
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Citation.
  5. ↑ Bar Hebraeus, Ecclesiastical Chronicle (Шаблон:Abbr.Шаблон:NbspAbeloos & al.), ii. 260–2.
  6. ↑ British Library Add. MS 7197.
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Citation.
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Citation.
  9. ↑ Seleznyov, Nikolai N., Kitāb al-majālis li-mār ʾIliyyā, muṭrān Niṣībīn, wa-risālatuh ilā ʾl-wazīr al-kāmil Abī ʾl-Qāsim al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī ʾl-Maġribī. Kniga sobesedovaniĭ Ilii, mitropolita Nisivina, c vezirom Abū-l-Ḳāsimom al-Ḥusaĭnom ibn ʿAlī al-Maġribī i Poslanie mitropolita Ilii veziru Abū-l-Ḳāsimu. Book of Sessions by Mar Elias (ʾIliyyā), Metropolitan of Nisibis, with Wazir Abū ʾl-Qāsim al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī al-Maghribī and the Epistle of Metropolitan Elias (ʾIliyyā) to Wazir Abū ʾl-Qāsim]. Moscow, Russia : Grifon, 1439 Anno Hegirae [=2017/8 CE]. Шаблон:ISBN, 9785988623663.
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Citation.
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Citation. Шаблон:In lang,Шаблон:Nbsp& Шаблон:In lang
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