Английская Википедия:Eliot Indian Bible

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Файл:Mamusse wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God naneeswe Nukkone Testament kah wonk Wusku Testament. (page 5 crop).jpg
Algonquian Indian Bible title page 1685
Файл:Algonquian - Genesis 1.jpg
Algonquian Indian Bible - Genesis 1
Old Testament first page of 1685 copy
Файл:Algonquian - Matthew 1.jpg
Algonquian Indian Bible - Matthew 1
New Testament first page of 1685 copy
Файл:Algonquin Bible 3 16.jpg
Algonquian Bible 1709: John chapter 3
Файл:North carolina algonkin-kleidung08.jpg
Algonquian Indian by John White, 1585.

The Eliot Indian Bible (Massachusett: Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God;Шаблон:Sfn also known as the Algonquian Bible) was the first translation of the Christian Bible into an indigenous American language, as well as the first Bible published in British North America. It was prepared by English Puritan missionary John Eliot by translating the Geneva Bible[1][2][3] into the Massachusett language.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Printed in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the work first appeared in 1661 with only the New Testament. An edition including all 66 books of both the Old and New Testaments was printed in 1663.[4]

The inscription on the 1663 edition's cover page, beginning with Шаблон:Lang, corresponds in English to The Whole Holy His-Bible God, both Old Testament and also New Testament. This turned by the servant of Christ, who is called John Eliot.[5] The preparation and printing of Eliot's work was supported by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in New England, whose governor was the eminent scientist Robert Boyle.

History

The history of Eliot's Indian Bible involves three historical events that came together to produce the Algonquian Bible.

America's first printing press

Шаблон:Further

Printed sources have been produced in Spanish America since the sixteenth century.[6] Stephen Daye of England contracted Jose Glover, a wealthy minister who disagreed with the religious teachings of the Church of England, to transport a printing press to America in 1638. Glover died at sea while traveling to America.[7] His widow Elizabeth (Harris) Glover, Stephen Daye, and the press arrived at Cambridge, Massachusetts, where Mrs. Glover opened her print shop with the assistance of Daye.[7] Daye started the operations of the first American print shop which was the forerunner of Harvard University Press.[7] The press was located in the house of Henry Dunster, the first president of Harvard College where religious materials such as the Bay Psalm Book were published in the 1640s. Elizabeth Glover married president of Harvard College Henry Dunster on 21 June 1641.[7]

Act of Parliament

In 1649 Parliament enacted An Act for the Promoting and Propagating the Gospel of Jesus Christ in New England,[8] which set up a Corporation in England consisting of a President, a Treasurer, and fourteen people to help them.[9] The name of the corporation was "The President and Society for the propagation of the Gospel in New England,"[9] but it was later known simply as the New England Company.Шаблон:Sfn The corporation had the power to collect money in England for missionary purposes in New England.[9] This money was received by the Commissioners of the United Colonies of New England and dispersed for missionary purposes such as Eliot's Indian Bible.[10][9]

Arrival of John Eliot

Eliot came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony from England in 1631. One of his missions was to convert the indigenous Massachusett to Christianity.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Eliot's instrument to do this was through the Christian scriptures.Шаблон:Sfn Eliot's feelings were that the Indians felt more comfortable hearing the scriptures in their own language than in English (a language they understood little of).Шаблон:Sfn Eliot thought it best to translate the English Christian Bible to an Algonquian Bible rather than teach the Massachusett Indians English.Шаблон:Sfn He then went about learning the Algonquian Indian language of the Massachusett people so he could translate English to the Natick dialect of the Massachusett language.Шаблон:Sfn Eliot translated the entire 66 books of the English Bible in a little over fourteen years.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It had taken 44 scholars seven years to produce the King James Version of the Christian Bible in 1611.Шаблон:Sfn Eliot had to become a grammarian and lexicographer to devise an Algonquian dictionary and book of grammar.Шаблон:Sfn He used the assistance of a few local Massachusett Indians in order to facilitate the translation, including Cockenoe, John Sassamon, Job Nesuton, and James Printer.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Eliot made his first text for the Corporation for the propagation of the Gospel in New England into the Massachusett language as a one volume textbook primer catechism in 1653 printed by Samuel Green.Шаблон:Sfn He then translated and had printed in 1655-56 the Gospel of Matthew, book of Genesis, and Psalms into the Algonquian Indian language.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It was printed as a sample run for the London Corporation to show what a complete finished Algonquian Bible might look like.Шаблон:Sfn The Corporation approved the sample and sent a professional printer, Marmaduke Johnson, to America in 1660 with 100 reams of paper and eighty pounds of new type for the printer involved to print the Bible.Шаблон:Sfn[11] To accommodate the transcription of the Algonquian Indian language phonemes extra "O's" and "K's" had to be ordered for the printing press.Шаблон:Sfn

Johnson had a three-year contract to print the entire Bible of 66 books (Old Testament and New Testament).Шаблон:Sfn In 1661, with the assistance of the English printer Johnson and a Nipmuc named James Printer, Green printed 1,500 copies of the New Testament.Шаблон:Sfn In 1663 they printed 1,000 copies of the complete Bible of all 66 books (Old Testament and New Testament) in a 1,180 page volume.[4]Шаблон:Sfn[12] The costs for this production was paid by the Corporation authorized by the Parliament of England by donations collected in England and Wales.Шаблон:Sfn John Ratcliff did the binding for the 1663 edition.Шаблон:Sfn

Description

Eliot was determined to give the Christian Bible to the Massachusett Indian Nation in their own Massachusett language.Шаблон:Sfn He learned the Natick dialect of the Massachusett language and its grammar.Шаблон:Sfn

Eliot worked on the Indian Bible for over fourteen years before publication.Шаблон:Sfn England contributed about £16,000 for its production by 1660. The money came from private donations in England and Wales. No donations or money were received from the New England colonies for Eliot's Indian Bible. The translation answered the question received many times by Eliot from the Massachusett was "How may I get faith in Christ?" The ecclesiastical answer was "Pray and read the Bible." After Eliot's translation, there was a Bible they could read.Шаблон:Sfn

Eliot translated the Bible from an unwritten American Indian language into a written alphabet that the Algonquian Indians could read and understand.Шаблон:Sfn To show the difficulty of the Algonquian language used in Eliot's Indian Bible Cotton Mather gives as an example the Algonquian word Шаблон:Lang (32 characters) which means "our lusts".[4] He said that the Indian language did not have the least affinity to or derivation from any European speech.[4]

Some ecclesiastical questions given to Eliot by the Natick Indians that were to be answered by the new Algonquian Bible and Indian religious learning were:

  • If but one parent believe, what state are our children in?
  • How doth much sinne make grace abound?
  • If an old man as I repent, may I be saved?
  • What meaneth that, Let the trees of the Wood rejoice?
  • What meaneth that, We cannot serve two masters?
  • Can they in Heaven see us here on Earth?
  • Do they see and know each other? Shall I know you in heaven?
  • Do they know each other in Hell?
  • What meaneth God, when he says, Ye shall be my Jewels
  • If God made hell in one of the six dayes, why did God make Hell before Adam had sinned?
  • Doe not Englishmen Шаблон:Not a typo their souls, to say a thing cost them more then it did? and is it not all one as to steale?Шаблон:Sfn

Legacy

In 1664 an especially prepared display copy was presented to King Charles II by Robert Boyle, the Governor of the New England Company.Шаблон:Sfn Many copies of the first edition (1663) of Eliot’s Indian Bible were destroyed by the British in 1675-76 by a war against Metacomet (war chief of the Wampanoag Indians).[12]Шаблон:Sfn In 1685, after some debate, the New England Company decided to publish another edition of Eliot’s Indian Bible. Шаблон:Sfn The second edition of the entire Bible was finished in 1686, at a fraction of the cost of the first edition.Шаблон:Sfn There were 2,000 copies printed.[12] A special single leaf bearing a dedication to Boyle placed into the 1685 presentation copies that were sent to Europe.[13]

The first English edition of the entire Bible was not published in the colonies until 1752, by Samuel Kneeland.[14][15] Eliot's Indian Bible translation of the complete Christian Bible was supposedly written with one pen.Шаблон:Sfn This printing project was the largest printing job done in 17th-century Colonial America.Шаблон:Sfn

The Massachusett Indian language Natick dialect that the translation of Eliot's Bible was made in no longer is used in the United States.Шаблон:Sfn The Algonquian Bible is today unreadable by most people in the world.[4] Eliot's Indian Bible is notable for being the earliest known example of the translation and putting to print the entire 66 books of the Christian Bible into a new language of no previous written words.Шаблон:Sfn Eliot's Indian Bible was also significant because it was the first time the entire Bible was translated into a language not native to the translator. Previously scholars had translated the Bible from Greek, Hebrew, or Latin into their own language. With Eliot the translation was into a language he was just learning for the purpose of evangelization.[4]

In 1709 a special edition of the Algonquian Bible was authored by Experience Mayhew with the Indian words in one column and the English words in the opposite column. It had only Psalms and the Gospel of John. It was used for training the local Massachusett Indians to read the scriptures.[16] This Algonquian Bible was a derivative of Eliot's Indian Bible.[17] The 1709 Algonquian Bible text book is also referred to as The Massachuset psalter.[16] This 1709 edition is based on the King James Bible just like Eliot's Indian Bible (aka: Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up Biblum God).Шаблон:Sfn

A second edition printing of Eliot's Indian Bible was an instrumental source for the Wôpanâak Language Reclamation Project where it was compared to the King James Bible in order to relearn Wôpanâak (Wampanoag) vocabulary and grammar.[18]

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Further Шаблон:EB1911 Poster

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

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  1. ↑ The KJV in Early America
  2. ↑ Genesis, John Eliot's Indian Bible, "The Bible favored by the Puritans was the Geneva Bible, particularly the 1611 translation"
  3. ↑ The Fascinating Story of the First American Bible, a Native American Language Translation from 1663
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Thomas, 1874, Vol. I, p. 67
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Newgass, 1958, p. 32
  15. ↑ Thomas, 1874, Vol. I, pp. 107-108
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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