Английская Википедия:Elizabeth, Countess de Gramont

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use shortened footnotes Шаблон:Use list-defined references Шаблон:Infobox noble Elizabeth, comtesse de Gramont (née Hamilton; 1641–1708), was an Irish-born courtier, first after the Restoration at the court of Charles II of England in Whitehall and later, after her marriage to Philibert de Gramont, at the court of Louis XIV where she was a lady-in-waiting to the French queen, Maria Theresa of Spain.

Known as "la belle Hamilton", she was one of the Windsor Beauties painted by Peter Lely. She appears prominently in the Mémoires du comte de Grammont, written by her brother Anthony.

Birth and origins

Шаблон:Chart top Шаблон:Tree chart/start Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart/end Шаблон:Tree chart/start Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart/end Шаблон:Tree chart/start Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart/end Шаблон:Tree chart/start Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart/end Шаблон:Chart bottom

Elizabeth was born in 1641,Шаблон:R in Ireland,Шаблон:R probably at Nenagh (Шаблон:IPAc-en)Шаблон:R, County Tipperary.Шаблон:Efn She was the third child of George Hamilton and his wife Mary Butler.Шаблон:Sfn Her father was Scottish, the fourth son of James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Abercorn, and would in 1660 be created baronet of Donalong and Nenagh.Шаблон:Sfn

Her mother, Mary, was the third daughter of Thomas Butler, Viscount Thurles, and a sister of the future 1st Duke of Ormond.Шаблон:Sfn Her mother's family, the Butler dynasty, was Old English.Шаблон:R

Both her parents were Catholic. They had married in 1635.Шаблон:Sfn Elizabeth was one of nine siblings.Шаблон:Sfn See James, George, Anthony, Richard, and John.Шаблон:Efn

In 1640 Ormond granted Elizabeth's father the manor, castle, town, and lands of Nenagh for 31 years, in lieu of the still unpaid dowry.Шаблон:Sfn Nenagh was therefore where the family settled down and where Elizabeth was born.

Irish wars

The Irish Rebellion of 1641 broke out in the year of her birth. The rebellion was followed by the Irish Confederate Wars (1642–1648) and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649-1653). Elizabeth, her siblings and her mother seem to have lived in the family's home in Nenagh, in the territory held by the Confederates, while her father served OrmondШаблон:Sfn in the Irish army which fought against the Confederates until the Cessation signed in 1643.Шаблон:Sfn

However, in September 1646 Rinuccini, the papal nuncio, overthrew the Confederate Supreme Council in a coup d'état with help of Owen Roe O'Neill's Confederate Ulster Army. O'Neill led his army south to Kilkenny, the Confederate capital, where he arrived the 16th. Rinuccini then took power appointing a new Supreme Council the 26th.Шаблон:Sfn In the meantime, on the 17th, Ulster troops sacked Roscrea. The ulstermen had a reputation for living off the inhabitants, even friendly ones.Шаблон:Sfn Carte (1736) reports that "Sir G. Hamilton's lady, sister to the marquis of Ormond"Шаблон:Sfn was spared at Roscrea.Шаблон:Sfn However, it is more likely that Elizabeth, her mother, and siblings were safely at Nenagh (Шаблон:Convert west of Roscrea) and that the Lady Hamilton at Roscrea was his grandaunt, the wife of George Hamilton of Greenlaw and Roscrea, not her mother.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1649, during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, her father was colonel of an infantry regiment and governor of Nenagh.Шаблон:Sfn He defended Nenagh Castle in November 1650 when it was attacked and captured by the Parliamentarian army under Henry Ireton on the way back from their unsuccessful siege of Limerick to their winter quarters at Kilkenny.Шаблон:Sfn

French exile

Early in 1651, when she was about ten, her father followed Ormond into French exile.Шаблон:Sfn The family first went to CaenШаблон:Sfn where they were accommodated for some time by Elizabeth Preston, the Marchioness of Ormond.Шаблон:Sfn Her father and her elder brothers, James and George, were soon employed by Charles II in various functions.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She then left for Paris with her mother, who would find shelter in the convent of the Feuillantines, together with her sister Eleanor Butler, Lady Muskerry,Шаблон:Sfn while she was sent to boarding school at the abbey of Cistercian nuns of Port-Royal-des-Champs, near Versailles. This school had an excellent reputation and was ahead of its time by teaching in French rather than in Latin. She attended this school for seven or eight years, together with her cousin Helen Muskerry.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The abbey also was a stronghold of Jansenism, a Catholic religious movement that insisted on earnestness and asceticism but which was later declared heretic for its position on grace and original sin.Шаблон:Sfn

Having left school, she was associated with the court in exile of Henrietta Maria, the dowager queen, Charles I's widow, who had fled to France in 1644 and had in 1657 moved to the Château de Colombes, near Paris.Шаблон:Sfn In March 1660 she met Sir John Reresby at the celebration of the Restoration organised by Henrietta Maria at the Palais-Royal in Paris.Шаблон:Sfn

Whitehall

She became a member of the English court at Whitehall in 1661. She was admired as a great beauty and called "la belle Hamilton".Шаблон:Sfn She also became known for her judgement, charm and sensibility. She was seen as witty and careful with her words as she, reportedly, said no more than she thought.Шаблон:Sfn She also loved practical jokes and mischief. So she made fun of Margaret Bourke, a rich heiress, whom her cousin Lord Muskerry had married, by making her believe that she had been invited to a masquerade by the Queen and had to disguise herself as a Babylonian woman. This episode is told in the Mémoires du comte de Grammont.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Sir Peter Lely (1618-80) - Elizabeth Hamilton, Countess of Gramont (1641-1708) - RCIN 404960 - Royal Collection.jpg
Portrait by Peter Lely, c. 1663, one of the series of Windsor Beauties.Шаблон:Sfn She is depicted as Saint Catherine as she holds a martyr's palm leaf in her left hand and a wheel leans against the socle of the column behind.

She was much courted at Whitehall. First of all by the Duke of Richmond whom she rejected when she found out that he would not marry her without a dowry.Шаблон:Sfn She also resisted the advances of Henry Jermyn, 1st Baron Dover, though reputed irresistible.Шаблон:Sfn She was not tempted by the thirty thousand per year of the heir of Norfolk.Шаблон:Sfn She rejected Charles Berkeley, 1st Earl of Falmouth.Шаблон:Sfn When courted by the Duke of York, the future King James II,Шаблон:Sfn she doubted the sincerity of his intentions as he had just married Anne Hyde in 1660.Шаблон:Sfn

Finally, in January 1663, appeared on the scene Philibert, chevalier de Gramont, a French exile.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He was already in his forties and a younger half-brother of Antoine III, duc de Gramont. He had got into trouble at the French court by courting Mademoiselle Anne-Lucie de la Mothe-Houdancourt, on whom Louis XIV had set his eyes.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RШаблон:Efn

De Gramont quickly entered the English court's inner circle. Not much adaptation was needed as French was the predominant language at the Restoration court.Шаблон:Sfn Elizabeth admired his wit and gallantry and fell in love with him.

Marriage and children

Philibert married her in London late in 1663 or early in 1664.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SnfШаблон:Sfn In March 1664, having heard of his marriage, Louis XIV wrote him a letter giving him permission to return.Шаблон:Sfn The couple had a son on 28 August old style, but he died as an infant.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

A famous anecdote is told about her marriage, which reverts the order of events by placing the marriage, which was according to this tale forced on de Gramont by her brothers, after the permission to return. It goes as follows:

When in 1664 he was allowed to return to France, he left in haste, giving the impression that he would not honour his commitments. Her brothers George and Anthony, therefore, pursued and intercepted him on his way to Dover and pressured him to return and marry her.Шаблон:Sfn They asked him whether he had not forgotten something in London. He replied "Pardonnez-moi, messieurs, j'ai oublié d'épouser votre sœur." (Forgive me, Sirs, I have forgotten to marry your sister).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He turned around, went back to London, and dutifully married her.Шаблон:Sfn

The story is partly proven wrong since he married her before Louis allowed him to come back, but it could well be true that a bit of pressure from her brothers was needed. It has been said that this incident suggested to Molière his comedy Le mariage forcé, first presented on 29 January 1664,Шаблон:Sfn but this idea clashes with the known dates.

Шаблон:Anchor Elizabeth and Philibert had two daughters:Шаблон:Sfn

  1. Claude Charlotte (Шаблон:Circa – 1739), married Henry Stafford-Howard, 1st Earl of Stafford.Шаблон:RШаблон:Sfn
  2. Marie Élisabeth (1667–1729), became abbess in 1695 of the Шаблон:Ill in Lorraine.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Both were maids-of-honour to Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria, after she became the Grande Dauphine by marrying the Grand Dauphin in 1680.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The marriage of the elder daughter was childless and the younger was a nun. Philibert's cadet branch of the house of Gramont, therefore, ended here.

At the French court

She went with her husband to FranceШаблон:Sfn and was appointed in 1667 dame du palais or lady-in-waiting to the French Queen, Maria Theresa of Spain.Шаблон:Sfn At that time the French court was seated at the Louvre in Paris, not yet at Versailles. At the court she was recognised as a woman of considerable wit and beauty.Шаблон:Sfn She also knew how to hold her own at the court of Louis XIV, being said to have "beak and claws".Шаблон:Sfn Her husband nevertheless pursued his gallant exploits to the close of a long life, being, said Ninon de l'Enclos, the only old man who could affect the follies of youth without being ridiculous.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Portrait of Elizabeth Hamilton comtesse de Gramont.jpg
Engraving by Edward Scriven 1810, after Peter Lely.

In 1679, at the death of his elder brother Henri, who had appointed him his heir,Шаблон:Sfn her husband became comte de Toulongeon. He did not want to change his name to Toulongeon, but changed it from chevalier de Gramont to comte de Gramont. She was henceforth known as the comtesse de Gramont.

In 1679 she was pointed out as a client of La Voisin, and was thereby incriminated in the affaire des poisons. However, no action was taken against her. In May 1682 the French court moved its seat from the Louvre to the Palace of Versailles.Шаблон:Sfn In 1683 she lost her appointment as lady-in-waiting due to the queen's death. In 1684 Fénelon became a spiritual guide to her.Шаблон:Sfn In May 1690 the King assigned her an apartment in the Palace of Versailles that had been freed by the death of Charles de Sainte-Maure, duc de Montausier, the Dauphin's tutor.Шаблон:Sfn

On 6 April 1694 N.S. her daughter Claude Charlotte, aged 29, married Henry Stafford-Howard, 1st Earl of Stafford, aged 46, who had fled to France with James II. The marriage was held at Saint-Germain-en-Laye.Шаблон:Sfn She thus became Lady Stafford. He had been made Earl Stafford by James II on 5 October 1688 and had, at the same time, changed his name from Howard to Stafford-Howard.Шаблон:Sfn As the earldom was created before James II's flight, it was a valid English peerage and not a Jacobite one. The marriage would remain childless and was not happy.

In 1696, her husband fell gravely ill, and after he recovered, he followed her example and turned to devotion.Шаблон:Sfn In 1699, she fell into disgrace because of a visit she had paid to the abbey of Port-Royal-des-Champs.Шаблон:Sfn The king disliked the Jansenists. She had to beg his pardon.Шаблон:Sfn

In May 1703, when she was 61, Louis XIV lent her a house near the end of the Gardens of Versailles, called Les Moulineaux,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn which she renamed Pontalie.Шаблон:Sfn This name is explained in the story "Le Bélier", written by her brother Anthony, who derives it from "pont d'Alie" (Alie's bridge), Alie being the daughter of a druid who marries a Prince of Noisy (after nearby Noisy-le-Roi) in the story.Шаблон:Sfn

Death and timeline

Her husband died on 31 January 1707 in Paris.Шаблон:Sfn She died about a year later on 3 June 1708, also in Paris.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Timeline
Dates before she left for France in 1665 are in O.S.. Thereafter they are in N.S. Italics for historical background.
Age Date Event
0 1641 Born, probably at Nenagh, County Tipperary, IrelandШаблон:R
Шаблон:Age 17 Sep 1646 Ulster Army captured RoscreaШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Age 28 Jul 1647 Ormond abandoned Dublin to the Parliamentarians.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Age 29 Sep 1648 Ormond returned to Ireland landing at Cork.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Age 30 Jan 1649 King Charles I beheadedШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Age 2 Aug 1649 Battle of Rathmines. Michael Jones defeated Ormond before Dublin.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Age Oct 1650 Father defended Nenagh Castle against the Parliamentarians.[1]
Шаблон:Age Early in 1651 Taken to France by her parentsШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Age 7 Sep 1651 Majority of Louis XIV, end of his mother’s regency.]Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Age About 1652 Started going to school at Port-Royal-des-Champs[2]
Шаблон:Age 1660 or 1661 Came to live at the court of Charles II of England at Whitehall
Шаблон:Age 1663 or 1664 Married Philibert, chevalier de Gramont[3]
Шаблон:Age 28 Aug 1664 Birth of a son who died in his infancy[4]
Шаблон:Age About 1665 Birth of first daughter Claude Charlotte[5]
Шаблон:Age Feb 1667 Appointed lady-in-waiting to the French queen, Maria Theresa of Spain.[6]
Шаблон:Age 27 Dec 1667 Birth of second daughter, Marie Elisabeth[7]
Шаблон:Age May 1682 The court moved its seat from the Louvre to Versailles.[8]
Шаблон:Age May 1690 Louis XIV gave her an apartment in the Palace of Versailles.[9]
Шаблон:Age 3 Apr 1694 Daughter Claude Charlotte married Henry Stafford.Шаблон:R
Шаблон:Age 6 Jan 1695 Daughter Marie-Elisabeth became the abbess of the Chapter of Poussay.[10]
Шаблон:Age 1699 Fell temporarily in royal displeasure because she visited Port-Royal-des-Champs[11]
Шаблон:Age May 1703 Louis XIV lent her a house near the end of the park of Versailles.[12]
Шаблон:Age 31 Jan 1707 Husband died in Paris.[13]
Шаблон:Age 3 Jun 1708 Died in Paris[14]

Notes and references

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок FOOTNOTEWarner1768[httpsarchiveorgdetailshistoryrebellio01warngoogpagen233 228] не указан текст
  2. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок FOOTNOTEClark1921[httpsarchiveorgdetailsanthonyhamiltonh00claruoftpage8 8, line 16] не указан текст
  3. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок FOOTNOTEPaul1904[httpsarchiveorgdetailsscotspeeragefoun01paulpage55 55] не указан текст
  4. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок FOOTNOTESaint-Simon1899[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmemoiresdesaints14sainpage563 563, line 11] не указан текст
  5. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок FOOTNOTECorp2004a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_0198613741page787 787] не указан текст
  6. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок FOOTNOTESaint-Simon1899[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmemoiresdesaints14sainpage563 563, line 12] не указан текст
  7. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок FOOTNOTEPaul1904[httpsarchiveorgdetailsscotspeeragefoun01paulpage56 56] не указан текст
  8. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок FOOTNOTECangioli1981[httpsarchiveorgdetailsversailles00cangpage6 6, right column] не указан текст
  9. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок FOOTNOTEDangeau1854b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjournaldumarquis03dangpage129 129] не указан текст
  10. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок FOOTNOTEGaspard1871[httpsgallicabnffrark12148bpt6k3788245f42 42] не указан текст
  11. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок FOOTNOTESaint-Simon1895[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmemoiresdesaints11sainpage112 112, line 4] не указан текст
  12. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок FOOTNOTECorp2004c[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3oA9axPb_SICpg217 217] не указан текст
  13. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок FOOTNOTEDangeau1857a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjournaldumarquis11dangpage293 293] не указан текст
  14. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок FOOTNOTEPaul1904[httpsarchiveorgdetailsscotspeeragefoun01paulpage56 56, line 7] не указан текст
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Elizabeth,_Countess_de_Gramont&oldid=14506066