Английская Википедия:Elizabeth Butler, Duchess of Ormond

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use shortened footnotes Шаблон:Infobox noble Elizabeth Butler, Duchess of Ormond and 2nd Baroness Dingwall (née Preston; 1615–1684) reunited the Ormond estate as her maternal grandfather, Black Tom, 10th Earl of Ormond had it, by marrying James Butler, later Duke of Ormond, her second cousin once removed. She had inherited her share of the Ormond estate through her mother, Elizabeth Preston, who was Black Tom's daughter and only surviving child. Her husband had inherited his share from his grandfather Walter Butler, 11th Earl of Ormond, Black Tom's successor in the earldom. Her share was the bigger one and included Kilkenny Castle.

Birth and origins

Elizabeth Preston was born on 25 July 1615.Шаблон:Sfn She was the only child of Richard Preston and Elizabeth Butler. Her father was a younger son of the Prestons of Whitehill, Scottish gentry of the Edinburgh area. He was a page at the Scottish court and became a favourite of James VI of Scotland, who made him a groom of his bedchamberШаблон:Sfn and ennobled him by creating him Lord Dingwall in 1609.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Elizabeth's mother was the only surviving child of Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond, called Black Tom.Шаблон:Sfn She had been married before to her first cousin Theobald Butler, 1st Viscount Butler of Tulleophelim, who had died childless in 1613.Шаблон:Sfn Her family was Old English and descended from Theobald Walter, who had been appointed Chief Butler of Ireland by King Henry II in 1177.Шаблон:Sfn

Elizabeth's parents were both Protestant. They had married in 1614,Шаблон:Sfn not long before her maternal grandfather's death on 22 November 1614.Шаблон:Sfn

Black Tom's succession and inheritance

Elizabeth Preston's parents lives were overshadowed by the problems of Elizabeth's maternal grandfather's succession and inheritance. Black Tom, had settled most of his estate on his male heir, his nephew Walter, who succeeded him as Earl of Ormond in 1614, according to the normal rules of succession of his title. However, Black Tom was a Protestant, whereas his nephew Walter, called "of the rosary beads", was a devout Catholic. King James I considered this a setback for his Irish politics. He intervened to keep the Ormond lands in Protestant hands. He decided that most of the estate should go to Black Tom's only child, Elizabeth. The King furthermore ordained that this daughter should marry his favourite Richard Preston, 1st Lord Dingwall, a Scottish Protestant. Accordingly, Elizabeth's parents married in 1614.Шаблон:Sfn

Father's succession

Elizabeth was an only child. Her mother was about 30 at her birth and Elizabeth was her first child. Her father was about 35. He had married late and was a former favourite of James I. Very soon her potential to become a rich heiress was recognised and marriage plans were made. Marquess of Buckingham wanted to marry Elizabeth, aged 3, to his nephew George Feilding.

The ancient Anglo-Irish family of the Earls of Desmond - from which Elizabeth was in part descended through her mother - had rebelled against the English crown and been stripped of that title in the 1580s. In 1619 Buckingham arranged that the King advance Elizabeth's father Richard to Earl of Desmond. In 1622 the King further confirmed George Feilding as having the right to the title on Richard Preston's death, as Richard had no male heir and Feilding was expected to marry Elizabeth.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1628 Elizabeth Preston, aged 13, became a rich heiress when both her parents died in quick succession. First, on 10 October, her mother died in WalesШаблон:Sfn and was buried in Westminster Abbey,Шаблон:Sfn then on 28 October her father drowned during a passage between Dublin and Holyhead.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn His title as Earl of Desmond passed to George Feilding, but Elizabeth inherited his Scottish title of Lord Dingwall to become Baroness Dingwall suo jureШаблон:Sfn as the title had been created for her father with remainder to heirs and assigns whatsoever.Шаблон:Sfn As the only child, Elizabeth inherited all her parents' part of the Ormond estate, which included Kilkenny Castle and the County Palatine of Tipperary. As she was a minor, she became a ward of the crown. Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland (1590–1649) was appointed her guardian.Шаблон:Citation needed

Marriage and children

At Christmas 1629, aged 14, she married her second cousin once removed, James Butler.Шаблон:Sfn Their common ancestor was James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormond, who was her great grandfather and his great-great grandfather (see Family tree). The marriage made her Viscountess Thurles as he was at the time styled Viscount Thurles, which was the courtesy title of the heir apparent of the earls of Ormond. In 1630 the couple went to live at Carrick-on-Suir.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Anchor Elizabeth and James had at least ten children, but only five survived into adulthood:Шаблон:Sfn

1. Thomas (1634–1680), predeceased his father, but had a son who would become the 2nd DukeШаблон:Sfn
2. Richard (1639–1686), became the first and last Earl of Arran of the 1662 creation and predeceased his fatherШаблон:Sfn
3. Elizabeth (1640–1665), married Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of ChesterfieldШаблон:Sfn and had affairs with James HamiltonШаблон:Sfn and the Duke of YorkШаблон:Sfn
4. John (1643–1677), became the Earl of GowranШаблон:Sfn
5. Mary (1646–1710), married William Cavendish, 1st Duke of DevonshireШаблон:Sfn

As a consequence of the marriage, the Ormond estate was reunited as her grandfather, the 10th Earl, had owned it. Elizabeth and James went to live in Kilkenny Castle, while her grandfather-in-law, the 11th Earl resided at Ormonde Castle at Carrick-on-Suir where he died on 24 February 1633.Шаблон:Sfn Elizabeth became Countess of Ormond as her husband succeeded to the earldom.Шаблон:Sfn In 1634 her eldest son, Thomas was born in Kilkenny Castle.Шаблон:Sfn

Irish wars

On the outbreak of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, while her husband took command of the king's army in Dublin, she was living at Carrick-on-Suir where she was soon surrounded by the insurgents.Шаблон:Sfn She later moved to Kilkenny Castle and continued to stay there even when Kilkenny became the capital of the Catholic Confederation. She sheltered Protestant refugees and kept them in the castle.

She became Marchioness of Ormond on her husband's promotion on 30 August 1642.Шаблон:Sfn In that same year she was allowed to rejoin her husband in Dublin. Their last two children, John and Mary, were born in Dublin while they stayed there together. In the city she continued to help refugees. When the city appeared to be menaced by a siege by the Confederates after Owen Roe O'Neill's victory in the Battle of Benburb in June 1646,Шаблон:Sfn she also helped to reinforce Dublin's defences.Шаблон:Sfn

She accompanied her husband to England in 1647 after he surrendered Dublin to the parliamentary forces. As in 1648 he renewed his support for the royalist cause, Lady Ormond moved to Caen, France, where she arrived on 23 June 1648 with all her five children.Шаблон:Sfn From September 1648Шаблон:Sfn to December 1650 her husband was again in Ireland where he tried to reunite the Irish in the fight against the Parliamentarians.Шаблон:Sfn The family was short of money. In 1652, Lady Ormond and her children returned to England in August 1652 to plead with Cromwell for income from the land she owned.Шаблон:Sfn She managed to obtain a pension of £2000 per year under the condition that she would not correspond with her husband.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1653 while in Dublin she helped her husband's brother-in-law, the Viscount Muskerry who stood accused of the murder of Protestant refugees in 1642. They went to see Chief Justice Lowther who gave her legal advice for Muskerry.Шаблон:Sfn This helped him to convince the court of his innocence and he was acquitted.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1655 she returned to Ireland accompanied by her younger childrenШаблон:Sfn and lived at her home in Dunmore, County Kilkenny.

Restoration, later life, death, and timeline

Following the restoration of Charles II, Lady Ormond sent her husband political information from Ireland, and the couple were later reunited in England. In March 1661 she became Duchess of Ormond as her husband was made a duke.Шаблон:Sfn In 1662 she became Vicereine of Ireland as her husband was appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland, serving until 1669 and again from 1677 to 1685. Lady Ormond hosted entertainment and spent lavishly on restoring and improving the family estates, but her personal correspondence reveals that she was concerned about the debts of her husband and sons. Her eldest son Thomas Butler, 6th Earl of Ossory, suddenly died in 1680.Шаблон:Sfn Her health began to decline in 1681, and she died in London on 21 July 1684.Шаблон:Sfn She was buried at Westminster Abbey on 24 July.Шаблон:Sfn

Timeline
Age	Date	Event
0	25 Jul 1615	Born.
Шаблон:Age	19 Jul 1619	Father created Earl of Desmond in Ireland.
Шаблон:Age	27 Mar 1625	Accession of King Charles I, succeeding King James IШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Age	10 Oct 1628	Mother died in Wales.
Шаблон:Age	28 Oct 1628	Father drowned during a passage between Dublin and Holyhead.
Шаблон:Age	25 Dec 1629	Married James Butler.
Шаблон:Age	1630	Went to live at the Ormond Castle at Carrick with her husband
Шаблон:Age	24 Feb 1633	Became Countess of Ormond as her husband succeeded as the 12th EarlШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Age	5 Jul 1634	Birth at Kilkenny Castle of her eldest son, Thomas
Шаблон:Age	15 Jul 1639	Birth of her second son, Richard
Шаблон:Age	29 Jun 1640	Birth of her elder daughter, Elizabeth
Шаблон:Age	30 Aug 1642	Became Marchioness of Ormond as her husband was created Marquess.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Age	1643	Birth of her youngest son, John
Шаблон:Age	5 Jun 1646	The confederates win the Battle of Benburb.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Age	1646	Birth of her youngest daughter, Mary
Шаблон:Age	1647	The Ormonds leave Dublin and go to England.
Шаблон:Age	23 Jun 1648	Arrived at Caen, France, with her children.
Шаблон:Age	29 Sep 1648	Husband went to Ireland arriving at Cork on 29 September.
Шаблон:Age	30 Jan 1649	King Charles I beheaded.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Age	11 Dec 1650	Husband left Ireland and rejoined her in France.
Шаблон:Age	August 1652	Returned to England with her children and asked Cromwell for money.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Age	1655	Returned to Ireland with her younger children.
Шаблон:Age	29 May 1660	Restoration of King Charles IIШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Age	30 Mar 1661	Became Duchesse of Ormond as her husband was created Duke.
Шаблон:Age	1662	Became Vicereine of Ireland as her husband became Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
Шаблон:Age	30 Jul 1680	Son Thomas, Earl of Ossory, died.
Шаблон:Age	21 Jul 1684	Died in London.

Notes and references

Sources

• Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book – 1643 to 1660
• Шаблон:Cite book – Marriages, baptisms and burials from about 1660 to 1875
• Шаблон:Cite book – D to F (for Desmond & Dingwall)
• Шаблон:Cite book – N to R (for Ormond)
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
• Шаблон:Cite book – England
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book – 1625 to 1655
• Шаблон:Cite book – (for timeline)
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book – House of Lords
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book – Crawford to Falkland (for Dingwall)
• Шаблон:Cite book – 1 April 1661 to 31 December 1662
• Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
• Шаблон:Cite book – 1643 to 1685

Further reading

• Шаблон:Cite book – Volume title: Irish Women's Writing and Tradition
• Шаблон:Cite book – (Snippet view)
• Шаблон:Cite book