Английская Википедия:Emblem of Vietnam

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox coat of arms

The emblem of Vietnam (Шаблон:Lang-vi), formally the National emblem of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Шаблон:Lang-vi), is one of the official national symbols representing the state of Socialist Republic of Vietnam. It is designed circular, having a red background and a yellow star in the middle which represent the five main classes in Vietnamese society—intellectuals, farmers, workers, business people and military personnel; the revolutionary history and bright future of Vietnam. The cog and crops represent the cooperation of agriculture and industrial labor.[1]

According to the Constitution of Vietnam:

Шаблон:BlockquoteIt is blazoned as: Шаблон:Blockquote

History

Democratic Republic of Vietnam

Файл:Công văn số 87-NG ngày 28-01-1951 của Bộ Ngoại giao gửi Ban Thường trực Quốc hội v-v đề nghị làm Quốc huy, Quốc ấn.jpg
A document issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs calling for the creation of a national emblem and a national seal for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (dated 28-01-1951).

During the 1950s, a number of countries around the world established diplomatic relations with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.[2] In order to expand relations with other countries and affirm Vietnam's sovereignty through diplomatic activities, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has sent an official dispatch to the National Assembly Standing Committee on the creation of the national emblem.[2] The Workers' Party of North Vietnam and the North Vietnamese government advocated for the creation of a national emblem "to achieve orderliness for international dealings".[2] The coat of arms was designed by artist Bùi Trang Chước and was edited by artist Trần Văn Cẩn.[3][4]

North Vietnam adopted its national emblem on 30 November 1955.Шаблон:Citation needed

In June 1953 Bùi Trang Chước entered a contest to design the national emblem of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, in which he submitted 112 different detailed research drawings, sketches and pencil drawings.[5] Of his submissions 15 sketches were selected by the Central Committee of Fine Arts and Arts and sent to the Ministry of Propaganda for submission to the Prime Minister in October 1954.[5]

The design closely resembles the emblem of the People's Republic of China and the entire emblem is based on the coat of arms of the Soviet Union.

Later, in his memoir "I draw the model of the National Emblem" (Tôi vẽ mẫu Quốc huy) by Bùi Trang Chước published on 26 April 1985, he wrote: "My last sketch of the [North] Vietnamese National Emblem back then was for presentation. In a circular shape, the two sides are surrounded by Vietnamese rice grains with some rice flowers hanging inside holding an anvil at the bottom, symbolising agriculture. Under the anvil is a silk strip that later received the words "Democratic Republic of Vietnam" (Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa). The two ends of the silk strip wrap the two sides of the rice flower from the bottom up, each side two segments. In the upper centre in the background is a yellow star superimposed on a red background, under the star near the center of the background is an arc of the sun with rays around it, evoking an image of dawn."[6] He noted that his entire National Emblem design uses only two colours yellow and red, the traditional colours of the nation.[6]

After sending this sketch for comment to the North Vietnamese president Hồ Chí Minh a number of corrections were requested. President Hồ Chí Minh commented that: "The image of the anvil is an individual handicraft, so the image should be replaced with something that represents modern industry."[6] After 3 edits, from early 1955 to September 1955, painter Bùi Trang Chước completed the model.[6]

Regarding this last sample of the North Vietnamese national emblem, artist Bùi Trang Chước wrote: "This time I also drew a circle around the two sides, there are more rice flowers extending upwards, adjacent to the border. Each of them are located at the top of the circle, the two sides still keep the rice flowers hanging down to embrace now a cogwheel rather than an anvil. At the bottom, the silk ribbon in the middle has the words Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa ("Democratic Republic of Vietnam"). The silk ribbon is still wrapped on the rice stalks with 2 sections on each side, the roots of the rice flowers cross each other to form the emblem."[6] The sun below the star and its rays were also removed.[6] In terms of colour, the background inside of the North Vietnamese National Emblem and the silk medal is red, while other motifs such as the rice flowers, stars and wheels are yellow.[6]

After the 5th National Assembly session (September 1955) gave advice to correct a few minor details before the national emblem could be approved.[6] But because at the time Bùi Trang Chước had to accept the government's secret mission to the People's Republic of China to draw and paint designs for the new banknotes, the editing of a few details (such as the lengthening of the rice stalks from the base to the sole) was assigned to artist Trần Văn Cẩn.[6]

Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Following the merger of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam with the Republic of South Vietnam on 2 July 1976, a slightly modified version was adopted by the newly established Socialist Republic of Vietnam.[7] The new version replaced the wording "Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa" with "Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam".

In 2007 a representative of the National Assembly of Vietnam, the artist Trần Khánh Chương, commented that the printing process of Vietnam's national emblems featured too many errors and problems,[8] resulting in many inaccurate "versions". Notable errors included: the rice corn is too big (just like the wheat corn), the gear only has 6 teeth instead of 10, the circles inside the gear are not accurate, and the space between the rice corn appears uneven.[9]

On 25 December 2021 the Prime Minister of Vietnam issued Quyết định số 2198/QĐ-TTg (Decision No. 2198/QD-TTg) on the recognition of National Treasures which declared the collections of the 1953–1955 North Vietnamese national emblem proposals by Bùi Trang Chước as a national treasure, these sketches are currently (as of December 2022) kept at the National Archives Center III, Department of State Records and Archives, Ministry of Home Affairs.[10] After this decision these sketches were put on public display as a part of the "Ký ức của bạn, lịch sử của chúng ta" ("Your memory – Our history") exhibition.[10] To aid researchers (both Vietnamese and foreign) the National Archives Center III plans on digitising the North Vietnamese national emblem proposals and make them publicly available online.[10]

Others

Nguyễn dynasty

Шаблон:Main

The national coat of arms of the Nguyễn dynasty was introduced during the reign of the Thành Thái Emperor after the imperial court in Huế ordered ceramics from the French Alfred Hache & Co. porcelain factory in Vierzon, Cher department and Paris in 1903, this coat of arms featured a scroll with the country's name (國號, quốc hiệu), Đại Nam (大南), supported by a five-clawed dragon and a horizontal sword.[11][12] These ceramics were then used to service foreign delegates visiting Huế on diplomatic missions.[11][12] As coats of arms were considered national symbols representing the sovereignty of a country in international relations, the usage of "Đại Nam coat of arms" was considered not unexpected of nationalism while the country was under French domination.[11]

Later during the Khải Định period a different version of their coat of arms appears on blue porcelains produced by the Manufacture nationale de Sèvres.[12]

Personalised versions of the coat of arms were also used during the Khải Định and Bảo Đại periods. Khải Định's imperial seal contained a version of the imperial coat of arms but with the six Chinese characters "Шаблон:Lang" (Шаблон:Lang) on the scroll instead of the country's name.[13] During the Bảo Đại period the scroll only contained two Chinese characters bearing the reign era of the emperor.[14] His personal coat of arms continued to be used by members of the House of Nguyễn Phúc after the abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty.[15]

State of Vietnam

The coat of arms of the State of Vietnam (which after the 1954 Geneva Agreements became known as "South Vietnam") featured a blue dragon (a symbol of the Nguyễn dynasty) on an escutcheon (shield) of yellow and red stripes.[16]

List

Historical heraldry
Symbol Use Duration Description
Ancient period
Файл:Trống đồng Đông Sơn.svg Bronze drum of Văn Lang (Đông Sơn culture), attributed to the mythical Hồng Bàng dynasty. 600 BCE or earlier – 258 BCE The patterns on the Đông Sơn drums bear a realistic style and show stilted houses, dancing people, people pounding rice, beating drums, and sailing, together with animals and birds. The scenes depict daily life of ancient Việt and reflect the contemporary artistic talent and mind.Шаблон:Efn
Файл:Seal of Nanyue (Zhao Mo).svg Imperial seal of Emperor Văn of Nam Việt. 137 BCE – 124 BCE The inscription Văn đế hành tỉ (文帝行璽) written in seal script.
Imperial Vietnam
Файл:Seal of Nguyễn Lords.svg Seal of the Nguyễn lords, later imperial seal of the Nguyễn dynasty. 1709–1777, 1780–1802 (Nguyễn lords)
1802–1846 (Nguyễn dynasty)[17]		 The inscription Đại Việt quốc Nguyễn Chúa vĩnh trấn chi bảo (大越國阮𪐴永鎮之寶, "Seal of the eternal government of the Nguyễn Lords of the Kingdom of Great(er) Viêt") written in seal script.[17][18]
Файл:Triều đường chi ấn.svg Imperial seal of the Tây Sơn dynasty. The inscription Triều đường chi ấn (朝堂之印, "Seal of the Court") written in seal script.
Файл:Heirloom seal of the Nguyễn Dynasty.svg Imperial seal of the Nguyễn dynasty. 1846–1945 The inscription Đại Nam thụ thiên vĩnh mệnh truyền quốc tỷ (大南受天永命傳國璽, "The Great South has the eternal Mandate of Heaven, jade seal for the transmission of the legacy of the Empire") written in seal script.[17][19]
Colonial Vietnam
Файл:French Indo-Chinese version of the Great Seal of the French Republic (Jean Auguste Barre).svg Seal of French Cochinchina and later French Indochina.[20] 1879–1954 The Great Seal of France with minor localisations. On the colonial seal a sheaf of rice replaces the traditional French symbols for agriculture (a sheaf of wheat), the arts (painter's tools), and science (burning lamp). On the right side of the seal the branches of oak were replaced by an anchor,Шаблон:Efn and the removal of the Gallic cock on the rudder. Furthermore, and of symbolic importance, the urn symbolising universal suffrage on the French Great Seal was omitted from the colonial seal.
Influences: Файл:Great Seal of France.svg
Файл:Coat of arms of French Cochinchina - Album Artistique de la France & de ses Colonies (1900).svg Coat of arms of French Cochinchina.[21] A blazon shield with many blue triangles, resembling a serrated ribbon typically found on Imperial Chinese and Vietnamese flags, surrounding a black interior.
Influences: Файл:Flag of French Cochinchina (1868-1945).svg
Файл:Khâm sai đại thần quan phòng (欽差大臣關防).svg Great seal of the viceroy of the French protectorate of Tonkin.[22][23] 1886–1897 The inscription Khâm sai đại thần quan phòng (欽差大臣關防, "Quan phòng (seal) of the Imperial Commissioner") written in seal script.
Файл:Coat of arms of Annam - S.M. Bao Daï, Le Dragon d'Annam (1980) colour scheme - Đại Nam (大南).svg Coat of arms of the French protectorate of Annam.[24] A sword per fess charged with a scroll, inscribed with two Traditional Chinese characters (大南) and supported by a single Vietnamese dragon.
Файл:Coat of arms of Annam - Hymnes et pavillons d'Indochine (Hanoï - 1941) 02.svg Variant coat of arms of the French protectorate of Annam.[24] A golden five-clawed dragon positioned affronté.
Influences: Файл:Coat of arms of Annam - S.M. Bao Daï, Le Dragon d'Annam (1980) colour scheme - Đại Nam (大南).svg
Файл:Emblem of the Gouvernement général de l'Indochine.svg Emblem of the Government-General of French Indochina. The letters GGI standing for "Gouvernement général de l'Indochine".
Файл:Vietnamese-style seal of the Government-General of French Indochina.svg The Vietnamese-style seal of the Government-General of French Indochina. The inscription Đại Pháp Quốc Khâm mệnh Tổng thống Đông Dương Toàn quyền đại thần quan nho (大法國欽命總統東洋全權大臣關伩) written in seal script.Шаблон:Efn
North Vietnam
Файл:Coat of arms of North Vietnam.svg Emblem of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. 30 November 1955 – 2 July 1976 Circular in shape; in the middle of a red background is a five-pointed gold star framed by rice ears below which is half a cog wheel and the inscription "Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa" (Democratic Republic of Vietnam).
Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina
Файл:Coat of Arms of the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina.svg Coat of arms of the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina.Шаблон:Citation needed 1946–1948 Or, a pale Azure charged with two pallets Argent.
Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
Файл:Coat of arms of the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (1948–1949).svg Coat of arms of the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam.[25] 1948–1949 The pale and pallets of the South Vietnamese flag (Cờ vàng ba sọc đỏ), arranged vertically in an escutcheon.
State of Vietnam
Файл:Seal of Bảo Đại as Chief of State of Vietnam (1949–1954).svg Grand Seal of the State of Vietnam.[26]Шаблон:Efn 1949–1954 A seal with the inscription "Quốc-gia Việt-Nam – Đức Bảo Đại – Quốc-trưởng" written in Latin script and "保大國長" (top-to-bottom, right-to-left) in seal script.
Файл:Quốc huy Quốc gia Việt Nam (國徽國家越南).svg Coat of arms of the State of Vietnam. 1954 – 26 October 1955 The pale and pallets of the South Vietnamese flag (Cờ vàng ba sọc đỏ), arranged vertically in an escutcheon and charged with a blue Vietnamese dragon passant.[16]
Influences: Файл:Coat of arms of the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (1948–1949).svg
Файл:Quốc huy Quốc gia Việt Nam (國徽國家越南) - Outline.svg Variant coat of arms of the State of Vietnam as it appeared on its passports (image). This passport design was used by South Vietnam as late as 1957.[27] 1954 – 26 October 1955 The pale and pallets of the South Vietnamese flag (Cờ vàng ba sọc đỏ), arranged vertically in an escutcheon and charged with a blue Vietnamese dragon passant.[16]
Influences: Файл:Coat of arms of the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (1948–1949).svg
Файл:Coat of Arms of South Vietnam (1954 - 1955).svg Variant coat of arms of the State of Vietnam. 1954 – 26 October 1955 The pale and pallets of the South Vietnamese flag (Cờ vàng ba sọc đỏ), arranged vertically in an escutcheon and charged with a blue Vietnamese dragon passant.[16]
Influences: Файл:Coat of arms of the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (1948–1949).svg
South Vietnam
First Republic of Vietnam
Файл:Emblem of the Republic of Vietnam (1955–1957).svg Seal of South Vietnam. 26 October 1955 – 1957 Bushes of bamboo growing on a hill.[16]
Файл:Emblem of the Republic of Vietnam (1957–1963).svg Emblem of South Vietnam.[28] 1957 – 1 November 1963 Bushes of bamboo and a scroll with the inscription "VIỆT-NAM", encompassing a ink brush (representing civil mandarins) and a sword (representing military mandarins).[29] A coloured version of this coat of arms shows the background yellow, the bamboo green and the bordure red.[16]
Файл:Coat of arms of the Republic of Vietnam (1957–1963).svg Escutcheon of South Vietnam.[30] 1957 – 1 November 1963 Bushes of bamboo and a scroll with the inscription "VIỆT-NAM CỘNG-HÒA", encompassing a ink brush (representing civil mandarins) and a sword (representing military mandarins).[29] A coloured version of this coat of arms shows the background yellow, the bamboo green and the bordure red.[16]
Influences: Файл:Emblem of the Republic of Vietnam (1955–1957).svg and Файл:Emblem of the Republic of Vietnam (1957–1963).svg
Файл:Lesser coat of arms of the First Republic of Vietnam.svg Lesser coat of arms of South Vietnam.[31]Шаблон:Efn 26 October 1955 – 1 November 1963 The pale and pallets of the South Vietnamese flag (Cờ vàng ba sọc đỏ), arranged diagonally in an escutcheon.
Influences: Файл:Quốc huy Quốc gia Việt Nam (國徽國家越南).svg
Файл:Emblem of the Republic of Vietnam (1955–1963) (passport) 01.svg Variant coat of arms of South Vietnam used on its passports (image).Шаблон:Efn – 30 April 1975 Bushes of bamboo growing on a hill in an escutcheon with the text "Việt-Nam Cộng-Hòa" inscribed in a scroll above the bamboo and the text also appearing below the bamboo.
Influences: Файл:Emblem of the Republic of Vietnam (1955–1957).svg and Файл:Emblem of the Republic of Vietnam (1957–1963).svg
Second Republic of Vietnam
Файл:Coat of arms of the Republic of Vietnam (1963–1975).svg Coat of arms of South Vietnam as it appeared on the presidential seal that was used between 1967 and 1975 (image). 1967 – 30 April 1975 The pale and pallets of the South Vietnamese flag (Cờ vàng ba sọc đỏ), arranged vertically in an escutcheon supported by two dragons.
Influences: Файл:Quốc huy Quốc gia Việt Nam (國徽國家越南).svg
Файл:Coat of arms of the Republic of Vietnam (1963–1975) (Gold).svg Variant coat of arms of South Vietnam. 1967 – 30 April 1975 The pale and pallets of the South Vietnamese flag (Cờ vàng ba sọc đỏ), arranged vertically in an escutcheon supported by two golden dragons.
Influences: Файл:Quốc huy Quốc gia Việt Nam (國徽國家越南).svg
Файл:Coat of Arms of South Vietnam (1963 - 1975).svg Escutcheon of South Vietnam.Шаблон:Efn 1 November 1963 – 30 April 1975 The pale and pallets of the South Vietnamese flag (Cờ vàng ba sọc đỏ), arranged vertically in an escutcheon.
Influences: Файл:Quốc huy Quốc gia Việt Nam (國徽國家越南).svg
Việt Cộng and the Republic of South Vietnam
Файл:Emblem of Viet Cong.svg Emblem of the National Liberation Front of Southern Vietnam (NLF). A disc of the colours of the flag (red and blue), the five-pointed star surrounded by ears of rice and a cogwheel in base.
Influences: Файл:FNL Flag.svg Файл:Emblem VPA.svg
Файл:Achievement of the National Liberation Front of Southern Vietnam.svg Achievement of the National Liberation Front of Southern Vietnam (NLF). An achievement of the Việt Cộng consisted of a disc of the colours of the flag (red and blue), the five-pointed star surrounded by ears of rice and a cogwheel in base. The disc was supported by six Việt Cộng flags, with three flags on each side.
Influences: Файл:FNL Flag.svg Файл:Emblem VPA.svg
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Файл:Emblem of Vietnam (fixed).svg Emblem of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. 2 July 1976 – present Circular in shape; in the middle of a red background is a five-pointed gold star framed by rice ears below which is half a cog wheel and the inscription "Шаблон:Lang" (Socialist Republic of Vietnam).
Influences: Файл:Coat of arms of North Vietnam.svg
Other
Файл:Seal of Protector General of Trấn Tây Thành.svg Seal of Trấn Tây Thành, the Nguyễn dynasty occupation of Cambodia. 1838 The inscription Trấn Tây tướng quân chi ấn (鎭西將軍之印, "Seal of the general of Trấn Tây") written in seal script.
Файл:Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sedang.svg Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sedang. 1888–1890
Файл:Seal of the Kingdom of Sedang.svg Seal of the Kingdom of Sedang. 1888-1890
Файл:Seal of Sip Song Chau Tai.svg Seal of the Tai Principality under Nguyễn dynasty and French rule. 1889–1945
Файл:Coat of arms of the Sip Song Chau Tai.svg Arms of Sip Song Chau Tai. 1948–1955
Файл:Coat of arms of the Domain of the Crown.svg Coat of arms of the Domain of the Crown. 1950–1955 A dragon surrounded by clouds.
Файл:Coat of arms of the Nùng Autonomous Territory.svg Coat of arms of the Nùng Autonomous Territory. 1950s A shield depicting a black junk boat sailing on water. The background is coloured green and red and depicts the golden Chinese characters Trung Hiếu (忠孝, "loyalty", "Filial piety").

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Coats of arms of Asia Шаблон:Vietnam topics

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Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 6,6 6,7 6,8 Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ "Biểu tượng Quốc huy—In quá tùy tiện" (The national emblem is printed too carelessly), newspaper Шаблон:Ill, No. 36, 24 March 2007, p. 37
  9. ↑ Sai trên Quốc huy: Lúa nếp thành lúa mì! Шаблон:Webarchive (Errors in the National Emblem: Rices become wheat !) Шаблон:In lang
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 Trung tâm Bảo tồn Di tích Cố Đô Huế, Huế Museum of Royal Fine Arts (Bảo tàng Cổ vật Cung đình Huế), The European ceramics at the Huế Royal Antiques Museum - Đồ gốm sứ Châu Âu tại Bảo tàng cổ vật cung đình Huế (2018), Publisher: NXB. Tổng hợp tp. Hồ Chí Minh. Pages: 60-62. (in Vietnamese).
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Bảo Đại, S.M. Bao Daï, Le Dragon d'Annam (1980). Publisher: Plon. Cover page (in French).
  15. ↑ Lynda Trouvé - Maison de ventes aux enchéres - Gouvernement de S.M. Bao Daï (1949-1955) UN... - Lot 90 - Lynda Trouvé Шаблон:Webarchive. (in French).
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 16,4 16,5 16,6 Otto Neubecker (1969) "Neue und veränderte Staatswappen seit 1945 IIa. Die Wappen der Staaten Asiens" (Fortsetzung, Schluß und Nachtrag). Kleeblatt-Jahrbuch 1968/69, p. 37-75. (in German)
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 Đại Nam thực lục, Quote: "The year Can Thìn, 1st year of the reign of Minh Mang (1820), February, auspicious day, the emperor put the seal in his box and sealed it with his own hands". It was not until 1837 (22nd day of the 12th lunar month in the 18th year of Minh Mang) that the emperor, with great fanfare, opened the box and showed the seal to the court before sealing it in ink. red and store it in the Can Thanh Palace. The use of the seal Đại Việt quốc Nguyễn Chúa vĩnh trấn chi bảo was replaced by the jade one Đại Nam thụ thiên vĩnh mệnh truyền quốc tỷ 大南受天永命傳國璽 ("Eternal Mandate of Heaven, transmission of the legacy of the Empire”) sculpted in 1846 during the reign of Emperor Thiệu Trị (1841–1847)."
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Lecompte, Jean – Monnaies et jetons de l'Indochine Française. (Principality of Monaco, 2013) Quote: "Les légendes sont bien sûr modifiées. A gauche, les attributs de l'agriculture et des beaux-arts sont remplacés par des épis de riz et à droite figure une ancre symbolisant le ministère de la Marine et des Colonies. Hélas, Albert-Désiré Barre décède le 29 décembre 1878 et c'est alors son frère aîné Auguste-Jean Barre qui lui succède et mène à terme le projet. Les premières frappes sortent en 1879." (in French)
  21. ↑ Paris, Delagrave, v. – Album Artistique de la France & de ses Colonies (1900) § Cochinchine-Algérie-Colonies orientales. (in French).
  22. ↑ Government-General of French Indochina – Bulletin officiel de l'Annam et du Tonkin – Issue of July 1891, page 601. Published in Saigon, Cochinchina. (in French).
  23. ↑ ThS. Hà Văn Huề, ThS. Nguyễn Thị Thu Hường, ThS. Đoàn Thị Thu Thuỷ, PGS.TS Nguyễn Công Việt – Ấn chương trên Châu bản triều Nguyễn. – Năm xuất bản : 2013 Nhà xuất bản : (NXB Hà Nội Cuốn sách). Page 112. (in Vietnamese).
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  25. ↑ Histoire et Philatélie, témoin de l'Histoire de France 1940–1981. L'Indochine Française dans la Tourmente 1939-1955+ – À LA RECHERCHE D'UN GOUVERNEMENT – PRO-OCCIDENTAL – mars 1947-octobre 1948 (Page 2/2 : mai – octobre 1948) Шаблон:Webarchive. Author: Jean Goanvic. Access date: 19 April 2021. (in French).
  26. ↑ Letter with photograph, signature, and Grand Seal of the State from his majesty the Chief of State Bảo Đại to Madame Jeanne Leveque in New York City (1952).
  27. ↑ Passport-collector.com – Tom Topol – Passport History Expert & Author – State of Vietnam – Passport 1957 – Not often a collector can find such a true passport historical treasure. A red passport issued by the State of Vietnam in 1957. It is not exaggerated when I say this travel document is extremely rare. Шаблон:Webarchive Author: Tom Topol. Published: 29 August 2019 Last modified: 26 January 2020. Access date: 15 December 2021.
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ CHÍNH NGHĨA DÂN TỘC (National Justice) – QUỐC HUY VIỆT NAM CỘNG HOÀ Шаблон:Webarchive. Published: 17 November 2015. Author: HOANGKYBAY Шаблон:Webarchive. (in Vietnamese). Image of the escutcheon Шаблон:Webarchive.
  31. ↑ Chứng chỉ (Certificate) issued by the Phủ Đặc-Ủy Công Dân-Vụ (Special Office for Civil Affairs) of the Tổng-thống Phủ (Office of the President), dated 1958.
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