Английская Википедия:Emeric Thököly

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Шаблон:Eastern name order Шаблон:Infobox royalty

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Principality of Imre Thököly (Principality of Upper Hungary) in 1683.

Emeric Thököly de Késmárk (Шаблон:Lang-hu; Шаблон:Lang-sk; Шаблон:Lang-fr; Шаблон:Lang-tr; 25 September 1657 Шаблон:Ndash 13 September 1705) was a Hungarian nobleman, leader of anti-Habsburg uprisings like his father, Count István Thököly, before him. Emeric was Prince of Upper Hungary, an Ottoman vassal state, from 1682 to 1685, and briefly Prince of Transylvania during the year 1690. Having formed an alliance with the Turks, Thököly assisted the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Vienna in 1683 and led the Turkish cavalry at the Battle of Zenta. Refusing to surrender to Habsburg Emperor Leopold I, Thököly lost his principality of Upper Hungary and finally retired to Galata, near Constantinople, with large estates granted him by Mustafa II.

Early life

Emeric was born in Késmárk in Royal Hungary (now Kežmarok in Slovakia) on 25 September 1657 as the fifth son of Count István Thököly and Mária Gyulaffy.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn His father was one of the wealthiest aristocrats in Upper Hungary (in present-day Slovakia); his mother was the granddaughter of Stephen Bethlen, who had been prince of Transylvania in 1630,Шаблон:Sfn she was related to three princes of Transylvania. Being his parents' only son to survive childhood, Emeric inherited when he was still a child his mother's estates in the Principality of Transylvania in 1659.Шаблон:Sfn His uncle, Count Francis Rhédey, Prince of Transylvania who died in 1667, also bequeathed his domains in Máramaros County to Emeric.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A significant part of Emeric's inherited lands were located in Máramaros County.Шаблон:Sfn István Thököly persuaded Michael I Apafi, Prince of Transylvania, to make Emeric the ispán (or head) of the county in 1667.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Actually, Apafi's influential counselor, Mihály Teleki, administered Máramaros on behalf of the minor ispán.Шаблон:Sfn

Emeric started his formal studies at the Lutheran lyceum in Eperjes (now Prešov in Slovakia) in January 1668.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Being an intelligent student, he quickly understood the main aspects of Lutheran theology and learnt to write long texts in perfect Latin.Шаблон:Sfn He played the role of the king of Hungary in a drama presented at the school in October 1669.Шаблон:Sfn

István Thököly was accused of participating in the leading aristocrats' conspiracy against the Habsburg monarch, Leopold I, in 1670.Шаблон:Sfn Being concerned about his son's safety, he ordered Emeric to return to Késmárk.Шаблон:Sfn They soon moved to Árva Castle (now Orava Castle in Slovakia), which stood near the border of Hungary and Poland.Шаблон:Sfn The king's troops laid siege to the fortress and István Thököly died during the siege on 4 December.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to one version of the story of the siege, Emeric escaped from the fortress through a tunnel after his father died and fled first to Poland, then to Transylvania.Шаблон:Sfn Other sources say that his father had sent Emeric to Likava Castle before the siege of Árva began, and he fled to Transylvania after learning of his father's death.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

In exile

Leopold I's soldiers suppressed all resistance in Royal Hungary.Шаблон:Sfn Hundreds of noblemen were dispossessed of their estates; foreign mercenaries replaced the Hungarian troops in the fortresses and started plundering the nearby towns and villages.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Leopold I did not respect the fundamental laws of the kingdom and appointed a Directorium to administer Hungary in 1673, led by Johann Caspar von Ampringen, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order.Шаблон:Sfn The new government pursued a violent anti-Protestant policy and dozens of Protestant pastors were sentenced to slavery.Шаблон:Sfn The persecuted HungariansШаблон:Spaced ndashexpelled noblemen, ousted soldiers and fugitive serfsШаблон:Spaced ndashsought refuge in Ottoman Hungary and the Partium.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The refugees, who were called kuruc, made frequent raids against the borderlands of Royal Hungary.Шаблон:Sfn

Emeric's patrimony was confiscated, but he remained a wealthy man because he retained his Transylvanian estates.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He accepted Mihály Teleki's advice and continued his studies at the Reformed college of Nagyenyed (now Aiud in Romania).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Contemporaneous diaries evidence that the handsome young count easily enchanted both men and women.Шаблон:Sfn

The envoys of Louis XIV of France and Apafi signed a treaty in Warsaw in May 1677.Шаблон:Sfn The French promised to send an annual subsidy to the Kuruc to finance their fight against the Habsburgs.Шаблон:Sfn Apafi did not declare war on Leopold I, but promised to secure the professional command of the Kuruc troops and to provide asylum to them in case of defeats.Шаблон:Sfn Emeric soon started to urge Apafi to allow him to join the refugees.Шаблон:Sfn Louis XIV's envoy, Abbé Dominique Révérend, who met with Imre around that time, described him as "the most powerful lord and the most honest man in Hungary".Шаблон:Sfn The princely council appointed Emeric to command the Kuruc army on 26 September.Шаблон:Sfn Apafi also authorized him to raise volunteer troops in Transylvania.Шаблон:Sfn

Uprising

Emeric and the Transylvanian volunteers joined the Kuruc at Derecske on 27 November 1677.Шаблон:Sfn His revenues from his Transylvanian estates enabled him to improve the equipment of the army.Шаблон:Sfn According to a new French–Transylvanian treaty, Mihály Teleki was installed as the supreme commander of the Kuruc army on 16 February 1678, but Teleki's appointment did not affect Emeric's actual leadership.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Kuruc and Transylvanian troops assembled near Tasnád (now Tășnad in Romania), before they invaded Royal Hungary in June.Шаблон:Sfn Emeric captured the fortresses of Szendrő and Murány in early August.Шаблон:Sfn

Teleki and the Transylvanian army attacked Eperjes, but they abandoned the siege as soon as they were informed of the arrival of a relieving army in the middle of the month.Шаблон:Sfn Emeric continued the invasion with the support of local Slovak peasants.Шаблон:Sfn He captured Igló and Rózsahegy (now Spišská Nová Ves and Ružomberok in Slovakia), and the mining towns along the river Garam (Hron).Шаблон:Sfn Besztercebánya (now Banská Bystrica in Slovakia) surrendered without resistance on 10 October.Шаблон:Sfn Although he had to abandon the mining towns after he was defeated at Barsszentkereszt (now Žiar nad Hronom in Slovakia) on 1 November, he continued to control 13 counties in Royal Hungary.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Encouraged by promises of help from Louis XIV of France, the anti-Habsburg rebels now rose "pro libertate et justitia", and chose the youthful Thököly as their leader. The war began in 1678. Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and central Hungarian mining towns were soon in Thököly's possession. In 1681, reinforced by 10,000 Transylvanians and a Turkish army under the Pasha of Nagyvárad (today Oradea, Romania), he compelled the Emperor to grant an armistice. In June 1682 he married Croatian countess Jelena Zrinska (in Hungarian: Zrínyi Ilona), the widow of Prince Francis I Rákóczi.Шаблон:Sfn

Thököly's distrust of the Emperor now induced him to turn for help to Sultan Mehmed IV, who gave him the title "King of Upper Hungary" (Ķıralı Orta Macar) – partly coinciding with present-day Slovakia – on condition that he pay an annual tribute of 40,000 tallers. In the course of the same year Thököly captured fortress after fortress from the Emperor and extended his dominions to the Vág (Slovak: Váh) river. At the two Diets held by him, at Kassa (today Košice, Slovakia) and Tállya, in 1683, the estates, though not uninfluenced by his personal charm, showed some want of confidence in him, fearing he might sacrifice national independence to the Turkish alliance. They refused therefore to grant him either subsidies or a levy en masse, and he had to take what he wanted by force.Шаблон:Sfn

Alliance with the Ottoman Empire

Шаблон:See also Thököly materially assisted the Turks in the Battle of Vienna in 1683, and shared the fate of the gigantic Turkish army. The Turkish Grand Vizier nevertheless laid the blame for the Turkish defeat in Vienna on Thököly, who thereupon hastened to Edirne to defend himself before the Turkish sultan. Shortly afterwards, perceiving that the Turkish cause was now lost, he sought the mediation of Polish king John III Sobieski to reconcile him with the Emperor, offering to lay down his arms if the Emperor would confirm the religious rights of the Protestants in Hungary and grant him, Thököly, Upper Hungary (more exactly, 13 northeastern counties of Royal Hungary) with the title of prince. Leopold refused these terms and demanded an unconditional surrender. Thököly then renewed the war. However, the campaign of 1685 was a series of disasters, he was defeated at Prešov (Eperjes) and when he sought help from the Turks at Nagyvárad they seized him and sent him in chains to Edirne (possibly because of his previous negotiations with Leopold), whereupon most of his followers made their peace with the Emperor.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1686 Thököly was released from his dungeon and sent with a small army into Transylvania, but both this expedition and a similar one in 1688 ended in failure. The Turks then again grew suspicious of him and imprisoned him a second time. In 1690, however, they dispatched him into Transylvania a third time with 16,000 men, and in September he routed the united forces of Gen. Donat Heissler and Count Mihály Teleki at Zărneşti. After this great victory Thököly was elected prince of Transylvania by the Kereszténysziget (probably Oprişani now) Diet, but could not maintain his position for long against the imperial armies. In 1691 he quit Transylvania altogether. He led the Turkish cavalry at the Battle of Slankamen and served valiantly but vainly against Austria during the remainder of the war, especially distinguishing himself at the Battle of Zenta (1697).Шаблон:Sfn

He was excluded by name from the amnesty promised to the Hungarian rebels by the Treaty of Karlowitz (26 January 1699). After one more unsuccessful attempt, in 1700, to recover the principality, he settled down at Galata with his wife. From Sultan Mustafa II he received large estates and the title of count of Widdin.Шаблон:Sfn He died in 1705 in İzmit. He is buried in Kežmarok in the mausoleum of the so-called new church.

Legacy

His statue is part of Heroes' Square in Budapest, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. For his 300th death anniversary, his name was given to a street in İzmit.[1] A memorial dedicated to him and his wife is also present in a park in İzmit.[2] Шаблон:Gallery

References

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Sources

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External links

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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