Английская Википедия:Emma Lucy Braun

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox scientist Emma Lucy Braun (April 19, 1889 – March 5, 1971) was a prominent botanist, ecologist, and expert on the forests of the eastern United States who was a professor of the University of Cincinnati. She was the first woman to be elected President of the Ecological Society of America, in 1950. She was an environmentalist before the term was popularized, and a pioneering woman in her field, winning many awards for her work.[1]

Life and career

Файл:Wright-Braun family monument.jpg
Wright-Braun family monument, Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio

Emma Lucy Braun was born on April 19, 1889, in Cincinnati; she lived in Ohio for the remainder of her life.[2] The daughter of George Frederick and Emma Moriah (Wright) Braun, her early interest in the natural world was encouraged by her parents, who took her and her older sister Annette Frances Braun into the woods to identify wildflowers. Braun's mother even had a small herbarium. In high school, Braun herself began collecting plants for study, the beginning of a huge personal herbarium that she assembled over her lifetime, composed of 11,891 specimens. Her collection is now a part of the herbarium at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington D.C.Шаблон:Sfnp

Braun studied botany and geology at the University of Cincinnati. She earned a bachelor's degree in 1910, a master's degree in geology in 1912, and a PhD in botany in 1914. In 1912, she studied with Henry C. Cowles; Harris M. Benedict was her dissertation adviser, with additional advice from Nevin M. Fenneman.Шаблон:Sfnp She became the sixth woman to earn a PhD from that institution; her sister was the first.Шаблон:Sfnp Braun's teaching and research career at the University of Cincinnati began as an assistant in geology (1910–1913). She taught as an assistant in botany from 1914 to 1917, then advanced through the titles of instructor, assistant professor, and associate professor. She achieved full professorship as a professor of plant ecology in 1946, two years before her retirement. She held the title of professor emeritus of plant ecology from 1948 until her death in 1971.Шаблон:Sfnp

Braun was especially active in fieldwork, both during her active professorship as well as in retirement. She traveled over 65,000 miles in 25 years of investigations, most of it driving her own car. In addition to research nearby in Adams County, Ohio, and more widely in the east, Braun made 13 trips to the western United States. She was assisted in her work by her sister Annette, an entomologist and authority on Microlepidoptera. Braun took numerous color photographs of the flora she encountered in her fieldwork, and displayed them as slides to illustrate her very popular lectures, both to university classes and the general public.Шаблон:Sfnp In the hills of Kentucky during the period of Prohibition, Braun and her sister sometimes explored areas where moonshining was active; however, they maintained the trust of the local inhabitants, honoring local customs and not reporting illegal stills to authorities.[3]

Файл:E. Lucy Braun grave marker.jpg
E. Lucy Braun grave marker, Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio

Braun set up a laboratory and experimental garden at the home she shared with her sister; she was never married.Шаблон:Sfnp She died in her home at age 81 of congestive heart failure, and is buried in Cincinnati with her parents and sister in Spring Grove Cemetery.Шаблон:Sfnp

Research and advocacy

Шаблон:Library resources box Over her career, Lucy Braun wrote four books and 180 articles published in over twenty journals.Шаблон:Sfnp Her most remembered and lasting scholarly achievement was Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America (1950). Francis Fosberg said of her book "one can only say that it is a definitive work, and that it has reached a level of excellence seldom or never before attained in American ecology or vegetation science, at least in any work of comparable importance."[2]Шаблон:Sfnp The book was the culmination of her researches into vascular plant floristics and the composition of various deciduous forest plant communities, which had begun with her investigations of glaciated and unglaciated regions of southern Ohio.Шаблон:Sfnp In the 1920s and 1930s, Braun's taxonomy work included a new catalog of the flora of the Cincinnati area, with a comparison to the flora of 100 years prior. Her study, one of the first of its kind for the United States, provided a model for analyzing changes to a flora over time.Шаблон:Sfnp Building from the understanding that the southern Appalachian mountains were a refugium for communities of forest plants during intervals of glaciation, Braun proposed two migrations of prairie flora from the western grasslands during warming periods: a pre-Illinoian movement and a post-Wisconsinan one. She summarized her thinking in "The Phytogeography of Unglaciated Eastern United States and Its Interpretation".Шаблон:Sfnp In the 1940s, Braun described as new to science four species and four varieties of vascular plants, all from localities in Kentucky, as well as a hybrid fern.Шаблон:Sfnp On the whole, Lucy Braun is considered one of the most original thinkers in North American plant ecology from the first half of the twentieth century.Шаблон:Sfnp

As a professor, she had thirteen MA students and one PhD student, nine of which were women; the mentorship of graduate students was uncommon for female professors at the time.[4]

Lucy Braun also fought to conserve natural areas and set up nature reserves, particularly in Adams County. She founded the Cincinnati chapter of the Wild Flower Preservation Society in 1924, contributed to its journal Wild Flower, and served as the journal's editor from 1928 to 1933.Шаблон:Sfnp Her efforts to protect a 22-acre xeric limestone prairie (Lynx Prairie) led to the establishment of the Richard & Lucile Durrell Edge of Appalachia Preserve System, and ultimately to the creation of The Nature Conservancy.[5]

Awards, honors, and distinctions

Lucy Braun received Guggenheim Fellowships in the field of plant sciences in 1943 and 1944.[6] She was elected President of the Ecological Society of America in 1950, a first for a woman.Шаблон:Sfnp The E. Lucy Braun Award for Excellence in Ecology is awarded to a student for an outstanding poster presentation at the Society's annual meeting.[7] She was the president of the Ohio Academy of Science from 1933 to 1934, and was inducted into the Ohio Conservation Hall of Fame in 1971, again the first woman in both cases.Шаблон:Sfnp In 1952, the Cranbrook Institute of Science awarded her the Mary Soper Pope Memorial Award in botany.Шаблон:Sfnp In 1956, she was awarded a Certificate of Merit by the Botanical Society of America, and she was declared one of 69 distinguished American botanists by the Society in 1961.Шаблон:Sfnp In 1966, Braun received the Eloise Payne Luquer Medal for special achievement in botany from the Garden Club of America.Шаблон:Sfnp

She is remembered in the names of four plants, Ageratina luciae-brauniae, Erigeron pulchellus var. brauniae, Silphium terebinthinaceum var. luciae-brauniae, and Viola x brauniae,Шаблон:Sfnp and one lichen, Rinodina brauniana.[8]

Selected publications

Standard author abbreviation

Шаблон:Botanist

References

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal

Bibliography

External links

Шаблон:Authority control

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