Английская Википедия:Emmonsiosis
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox medical condition (new) Emmonsiosis, also known as emergomycosis, is a systemic fungal infection that can affect the lungs, generally always affects the skin and can become widespread.[1][2] The lesions in the skin look like small red bumps and patches with a dip, ulcer and dead tissue in the centre.[3]
It is caused by the Emergomyces species, a novel dimorphic fungus, previously classified under the genus Emmonsia.[4] These fungi are found in soil and transmitted by breathing in its spores from the air.[1] Inside the body it converts to yeast-like cells which then cause disease and invade beyond the lungs.[1] Diagnosis is by skin biopsy and its appearance under the microscope.[5] It is difficult to distinguish from histoplasmosis.[4][6] Treatment is usually with amphotericin B.[4]
Emmonsiosis can be fatal.[4] The disseminated type is more prevalent in South Africa, particularly in people with HIV.[4]
Signs and symptoms
Generally, all cases have involvement of the skin.[5] The lesions look like small red bumps and patches with a dip, ulcer and dead tissue in the centre.[3] There may be several lesions and their distribution can be widespread.[1] The lungs may be affected.[4][3]
Cause
It is caused by the Emergomyces species, a novel dimorphic fungus, previously classified under the genus Emmonsia.[4][7] Following a revised taxonomy in 2017 based on DNA sequence analyses, five of these Emmonsia-like fungi have been placed under the separate genus Emergomyces.[4] These include Emergomyces pasteurianus, Emergomyces africanus, Emergomyces canadensis, Emergomyces orientalis and Emergomyces europaeus.[4][8]
Emergomyces africanus was previously known as Emmonsia africanus, which has similar features to Histoplasma spp. and the family of Ajellomycetaceae.[6]
The disease has been observed among people who have a weakened immune system and risk factors include HIV, organ transplant and steroid use.[1][4]
Mechanism
The fungus is found in soil and is released in the air.[1] Transmission is by breathing in fungal spores from the air.[1] Inside the body it converts to yeast-like cells which then cause disease and invade beyond the lungs.[1] In people with HIV, Emmonsiosis has been associated with Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome following initiating antiretroviral treatment.[1]
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is by skin biopsy and its appearance under the microscope.[5]
Differential diagnosis
Generally, it is difficult to distinguish from histoplasmosis.[6] Other conditions that appear similar include tuberculosis,[5] blastomycosis, sporotrichosis, chicken pox, Kaposi's sarcoma and drug reactions.[3]
Treatment
Treatment usually includes amphotericin B.[4]
Prognosis
It can be fatal.[5]
Epidemiology
The disseminated type is more prevalent in South Africa, particularly in people with HIV.[5]
History
The disease was thought to be a rare condition of the lung.[2] Early cases may have been misdiagnosed as histoplasmosis.[6]
Other animals
The genus Emmonsia can cause adiaspiromycosis, a lung disease in wild animals.[9]
References
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 4,00 4,01 4,02 4,03 4,04 4,05 4,06 4,07 4,08 4,09 4,10 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Henry, Ronnie Etymologia: Emmonsia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(2):348. doi:10.3201/eid2302.et2302.
