Английская Википедия:Emperor Huizong of Song
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Emperor Huizong of Song (7 June 1082 – 4 June 1135), personal name Zhao Ji, was the eighth emperor of the Song dynasty of China and the penultimate emperor of the Northern Song dynasty. He was also a very well-known painter, poet and calligrapher. Born as the 11th son of Emperor Shenzong, he ascended the throne in 1100 upon the death of his elder brother and predecessor, Emperor Zhezong, because Emperor Zhezong's only son died prematurely. He lived in luxury, sophistication and art in the first half of his life. In 1126, when the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty invaded the Song dynasty during the Jin–Song Wars, Emperor Huizong abdicated and passed on his throne to his eldest son, Zhao Huan while Huizong assumed the honorary title of Taishang Huang (or "Retired Emperor"). The following year, the Song capital, Bianjing, was conquered by Jin forces in an event historically known as the Jingkang Incident. Emperor Huizong and Emperor Qinzong and the rest of their family were taken captive by the Jurchens and brought back to the Jin capital, Huining Prefecture in 1128. The Emperor Taizong of Jin, gave the former Emperor Huizong a title, Duke Hunde (literally "Besotted Duke"), to humiliate him. After Zhao Gou, the only surviving son of Huizong to avoid capture by the Jin, declared himself as the dynasty's tenth emperor as Emperor Gaozong, the Jurchens used Huizong, Qinzong, and other imperial family members to put pressure on Gaozong and his court to surrender. Emperor Huizong died in Wuguocheng after spending about nine years in captivity.
Despite his incompetence in rulership, Emperor Huizong was known for his promotion of Taoism and talents in poetry, painting, calligraphy and music. He sponsored numerous artists at his imperial court, and the catalogue of his collection listed over 6,000 known paintings.Шаблон:Sfn
Biography
Emperor Huizong, besides his partaking in state affairs that favoured the reformist party that supported Wang Anshi's New Policies, was a cultured leader who spent much of his time admiring the arts. He was a collector of paintings, calligraphy, and antiques of previous dynasties, building huge collections of each for his amusement. He wrote poems of his own, was known as an avid painter, created his own calligraphy style, had interests in architecture and garden design, and even wrote treatises on medicine and Taoism.Шаблон:Sfn He assembled an entourage of painters that were first pre-screened in an examination to enter as official artists of the imperial court, and made reforms to court music.Шаблон:Sfn Like many learned men of his age, he was quite a polymath personality, and is even considered to be one of the greatest Chinese artists of all time. He constantly proclaimed legitimacy through cultural, religious, and artistic means. In 1106, he had artisans recast of the symbolic Nine Tripod Cauldrons to assert his authority.[1] However, his reign would be forever scarred by the decisions made (by counsel he received) on handling foreign policy, as the end of his reign marked a period of disaster for the Song Empire.
Jurchen Invasion
When the Jurchens founded the Jin Dynasty and attacked the Liao dynasty to the north of the Song, the Song dynasty allied with the Jin Dynasty and attacked the Liao from the south in 1122. Led by Tong Guan, the Song army marched to the Song-Liao border and was stopped by the defensive forest that the Song had maintained since the reign of Emperor Taizu. In order to pass through, Tong Guan ordered the soldiers to clear the forest and continued the expedition into the Liao.[2] This expedition succeeded in destroying the Liao, a longtime enemy of the Song. However, when the Jin attacked the Song a few years later, the Jin troops marched through a defenseless border and quickly gathered around the Song capital Kaifeng.[2]
Abdication
However, an even more formidable Jin dynasty enemy was now on the northern border. Not content with the annexation of the Liao domain, and perceiving the weakness of the Song army, the Jurchens soon declared war on their former ally, and by the beginning of 1126, the troops of the Jin "Western Vice-Marshal" Wolibu crossed the Yellow River and came in sight of Bianjing, the capital of the Song Empire. Realizing his mistakes, Huizong took the blame for everything that went wrong and was stricken with panic, Emperor Huizong intended to flee but was convinced by his officials to abdicate first and then flee.Шаблон:Sfn[3] Huizong then feigned a stroke because Huizong in his words said that "I must use the excuse of illness. I am afraid of disorder breaking out."Шаблон:Sfn He then abdicated on 18 January 1126 in favour of his eldest son, Zhao Huan who is historically now known as Emperor Qinzong (Шаблон:Lang).
However, Qinzong sternly refused the throne, even pushing the robes off. Huizong, still feigning a stroke, wrote with his left hand "If you do not accept, you are unfilial." Qinzong said, "If I accept, then I am unfilial." Even when Huizong summoned his empress, Qinzong still declined until Huizong ordered his eunuchs to forcibly put him on the throne.[3] Qinzong finally gave in eventually accepting the throne.[3] Huizong then departed the capital to flee in the countryside.[4]
Capture
Overcoming the walls of Bianjing was a difficult undertaking for the Jurchen cavalry, and this, together with fierce resistance from some Song officials who had not totally lost their nerve, as Emperor Huizong had, and Qinzong giving a town, resulted in the Jurchens lifting the siege of Bianjing and returning north. The Song Empire, however, had to sign a humiliating treaty with the Jin Empire, agreeing to pay a colossal war indemnity and to give a tribute to the Jurchens every year. From 1126 until 1138, refugees from the Song Empire migrated south towards the Yangtze River.[5] Huizong returned from the countryside and resumed his normal activities after hearing that the siege was lifted although he was effectively under house arrest by Qinzong.
But even such humiliating terms could not save the Song dynasty. Within a matter of months, the troops of both Jurchen vice-marshals, Wolibu and Nianhan,Шаблон:Sfn were back south again, and this time they were determined to overcome the walls of Bianjing after Qinzong wanted to form an Anti-Jin alliance with two Liao nobles who were actually on the Jurchens side. After a bitter siege, the Jurchens eventually entered Bianjing on 9 January 1127, and many days of looting, rapes, and massacre followed. Most of the entire imperial court and harem were captured by the Jurchens in an event known historically as the Jingkang Incident, and transported north, mostly to the Jin capital of Shangjing (in present-day Harbin). After Qinzong was captured, Emperor Huizong was persuaded to turn himself in, however they captured Huizong.Шаблон:Sfn When Huizong got to see Qinzong, they cried and hugged each other with Huizong stating "If you had listened to the old man, we would have avoided this disaster."Шаблон:Sfn
One of the many sons of Emperor Huizong, Zhao Gou was not present in Bianjing where he went to Southern China where, after many years of struggle, he would establish the Southern Song Dynasty, of which he was the first ruler, Emperor Gaozong.
Emperors Huizong and the former Emperor Qinzong were demoted to the rank of commoners by the Jurchens on 20 March 1127. Then on 10 May 1127, Emperor Huizong was deported to Heilongjiang, where he spent the last eight years of his life as a captive. In 1128, in a humiliating episode, the two former Song Emperors had to venerate the Jin ancestors at their shrine in Shangjing, wearing mourning dress.Шаблон:Sfn The Jurchen ruler, Emperor Taizong, granted the two former Song emperors degrading titles to humiliate them: Emperor Huizong was called "Duke Hunde" (Шаблон:Lang; literally "Besotted Duke") while Emperor Qinzong was called "Marquis Chonghun" (Шаблон:Lang; literally "Doubly Besotted Marquis").Шаблон:Sfn
The Song male Chinese princes who were captured were given Khitan women to marry from the Liao dynasty palace by the Jin Jurchens, who had also defeated and conquered the Khitan. The original Chinese wives of the Song princes were abducted and the Song princes then married Khitan royal women. One of the Song Emperor Huizong's sons was given a Khitan consort from the Liao palace and another one of his sons was given a Khitan princess by the Jin at the Jin Supreme capital. The Jin Jurchens continued to give new wives to the captured Song royals, the grandsons and sons of Song Emperor Huizong after they took away their original Chinese wives.Шаблон:Sfn The Jin Jurchens told the Chinese Song royals that they were fortunate because the Liao Khitan royals were being treated much worse by the Jurchen than the Song Chinese royals. Jurchen soldiers were given the children of the Liao Khitan Tianzuo Emperor as gifts while the Song Emperor was allowed to keep his children while he was in captivity.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1137, the Jin Empire formally notified the Southern Song Empire about the death of the former Emperor Huizong.Шаблон:Sfn Emperor Huizong, who had lived in opulence and art for the first half of his life, died a broken man in faraway northern Heilongjiang in June 1135, at the age of 52.
A few years later (1141), as the peace negotiations leading up to the Treaty of Shaoxing between the Jin and the Song empires were proceeding, the Jin Empire posthumously honored the former Emperor Huizong with the neutral-sounding title of "Prince of Tianshui Commandery" (Шаблон:Lang), after a commandery Tianshui in the upper reaches of the Wei River, which is the traditional Junwang (郡望, zh) of the surname Zhao.
Art, calligraphy, music, and culture
Emperor Huizong was a great painter, poet, and calligrapher. He was also a player of the guqin (as exemplified by his famous painting 聽琴圖 Listening to the Qin); he also had a Wanqin Tang (萬琴堂; "10,000 Qin Hall") in his palace.
The emperor took huge efforts to search for art masters. He established the "Hanlin Huayuan" (翰林畫院; "Hanlin imperial painting house") where top painters around China shared their best works.
The primary subjects of his paintings are birds and flowers. Among his works is Five-Colored Parakeet on Blossoming Apricot Tree. He also recopied Zhang Xuan's painting Court Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk, and Emperor Huizong's reproduction is the only copy of that painting that survives today.
Emperor Huizong invented the "Slender Gold" (Шаблон:Lang) style of calligraphy. The name "Slender Gold" came from the fact that the emperor's writing resembled gold filament, twisted and turned, also inspired by Li Yu who called his calligraphy "Golden Inlaid Dagger" (金錯刀). Some theories posits his technique probably based on calligraphy works by Chu Suiliang, Xue Ji or Huang Tingjian.[6]
One of the emperor's era names, Xuanhe, is also used to describe a style of mounting paintings in scroll format. In this style, black borders are added between some of the silk planes.
In 1114, following a request from the Goryeo ruler Yejong, Emperor Huizong sent to the palace in the Goryeo capital at Gaeseong a set of musical instruments to be used for royal banquet music. Two years later, in 1116, he sent another, even larger gift of musical instruments (numbering 428 in total) to the Goryeo court, this time yayue instruments, beginning that nation's tradition of aak.[7]
Emperor Huizong was also a great tea enthusiast. He wrote the Treatise on Tea, the most detailed and masterful description of the Song sophisticated style of tea ceremony.
Emperor Huizong's famous descendant was Zhao Mengfu through his daughter Zhao Jinluo.
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Women preparing silk, a Chinese silk painting by Emperor Huizong of Song, early 12th century.
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Emperor Huizong of Song, Ladies making silk, (a remake of an 8th-century original by artist Zhang Xuan)
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Emperor Huizong of Song (Poem and Calligraphy)
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Emperor Huizong of Song, Plum and Birds
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Emperor Huizong of Song, Golden Pheasant and Cotton Rose Flowers
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Emperor Huizong of Song, Dragon Stone
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Emperor Huizong of Song, Cranes 1112
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Emperor Huizong of Song, Classic Thousand-character Grass script
Legacy
The painter Zeng Fanzhi regards Listening to the Qin as "the most beautiful painting from the Song dynasty. For more than 10 years, I've been observing the beauty of the pine tree in that painting."[8]
Family
Consorts and Issue:
- Empress Xiangong, of the Wang clan (Шаблон:Lang; 1084–1108)
- Zhao Huan, Qinzong (Шаблон:Lang; 1100–1156), first son
- Princess Rongde (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1103), personal name Jinnu (Шаблон:Lang), second (second) daughter
- Married Cao Cheng (Шаблон:Lang; 1104–1127) in 1115
- Married Wanyan Chang (Шаблон:Lang; d. 1139) in 1127
- Married Wanyan Dan (1119–1150) in 1139
- Empress Xiansu, of the Zheng clan (Шаблон:Lang; 1079–1131)
- Princess Jiade (Шаблон:Lang; 1100–1141), personal name Yupan (Шаблон:Lang), first (first) daughter
- Married Ceng Yin (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1100) in 1115, and had issue (two daughters)
- Married Wanyan Zongpan (Шаблон:Lang; d. 1139), the first son of Wanyan Sheng, in 1127
- Married Wanyan Dan (1119–1150) in 1139
- Zhao Cheng, Prince Yan (Шаблон:Lang; 1101), second son
- Princess Shoushu (Шаблон:Lang), fourth daughter
- Princess Ande (Шаблон:Lang; 1106–1127), personal name Jinluo (Шаблон:Lang), eighth (third) daughter
- Married Song Bangguang (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1106), and had issue (one daughter)
- Married Wanyan Dumu (Шаблон:Lang; 1090–1129), the 11th son of Wanyan Helibo, in 1127
- Princess Rongshu (Шаблон:Lang), 11th daughter
- Princess Chengde (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1110), personal name Hu'er (Шаблон:Lang), 13th (fifth) daughter
- Married Xiang Zifang (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1110)
- Princess Jiade (Шаблон:Lang; 1100–1141), personal name Yupan (Шаблон:Lang), first (first) daughter
- Empress Mingda, of the Liu clan (Шаблон:Lang; d. 1113)
- Princess Anshu (Шаблон:Lang), sixth daughter
- Princess Maode (Шаблон:Lang; 1106–1128), personal name Fujin (Шаблон:Lang), ninth (fourth) daughter
- Married Cai Tiao (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1107), the fifth son of Cai Jing, in 1120, and had issue (one son)
- Married Wanyan Zongwang (Шаблон:Lang; d. 1127), the second son of Wanyan Min, in 1127
- Married Wanyan Xiyin (d. 1140) in 1127
- Zhao Yu, Prince Yi (Шаблон:Lang; 1107–1137), eighth son
- Zhao Mo, Prince Qi (Шаблон:Lang; 1107–1138), 11th son
- Princess Xunde (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1110), personal name Fujin (Шаблон:Lang), 14th (sixth) daughter
- Married Tian Pi (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1110)
- Married Wanyan Sheyema (Шаблон:Lang), the first son of Wanyan Zonghan, in 1127
- Zhao Zhen, Prince Xin (Шаблон:Lang; 1111–1139), 18th son
- Empress Mingjie, of the Liu clan (Шаблон:Lang; 1088–1121)
- Zhao Yang, Prince Jian'an (Шаблон:Lang; 1115–1127), 25th son
- Princess Hefu (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1116), personal name Jinzhu (Шаблон:Lang), 29th (17th) daughter
- Zhao Yi, Duke Jia (Шаблон:Lang; 1118–1130), 26th son
- Zhao Si, Duke Ying (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1120), 28th son
- Empress Xianren, of the Wei clan (Шаблон:Lang; 1080–1159)
- Zhao Gou, Gaozong (Шаблон:Lang; 1111–1187), ninth son
- Noble Consort Yisu, of the Wang clan (Шаблон:Lang; d. 1117)
- Princess Huishu (Шаблон:Lang), fifth daughter
- Princess Kangshu (Шаблон:Lang), tenth daughter
- Zhao Zhi, Prince Shen (Шаблон:Lang; 1108–1148), 12th son
- Princess Roufu (Шаблон:Lang; 1111–1142), personal name Huanhuan (Шаблон:Lang), 20th (tenth) daughter
- Married Wanyan Zongwang (Шаблон:Lang; d. 1127), the second son of Wanyan Min, in 1127
- Married Wanyan Zongxian (Шаблон:Lang; d. 1150) in 1127
- Married Wanyan Sheng (1075–1135) in 1127
- Married Wanyan Zongxian (Шаблон:Lang; d. 1150)
- Married Xu Hai (Шаблон:Lang)
- Princess Xianfu (Шаблон:Lang; 1112–1127), personal name Jin'er (Шаблон:Lang), 26th (15th) daughter
- Zhao Ji, Duke Chen (Шаблон:Lang; 1114), 22nd son
- Noble Consort, of the Wang clan (Шаблон:Lang)
- Zhao Kai, Prince Yun (Шаблон:Lang; 1101–1130), third son
- Princess Chongde (Шаблон:Lang; d. 1121), seventh daughter
- Married Cao Shi (Шаблон:Lang) in 1119
- Princess Baoshu (Шаблон:Lang), 12th daughter
- Princess Xishu (Шаблон:Lang), 16th daughter
- Zhao Chan, Duke Xiang (Шаблон:Lang; 1112–1137), 23rd son
- Noble Consort, of the Qiao clan (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1081)
- Zhao Qi, Prince Jing (Шаблон:Lang; 1104–1138), sixth son
- Zhao Xu, Prince Ji (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1106), seventh son
- Noble Consort, of the Cui clan (Шаблон:Lang; 1091–1130)
- Princess Daomu (Шаблон:Lang), personal name Jinxian (Шаблон:Lang), 15th daughter
- Princess Dunfu (Шаблон:Lang), personal name Sanjin (Шаблон:Lang), 21st daughter
- Zhao Chun, Prince Han (Шаблон:Lang; 1112–1113), 19th son
- Princess Renfu (Шаблон:Lang; 1112–1127), personal name Xiangyun (Шаблон:Lang), 23rd (12th) daughter
- Princess Yongfu (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1112), personal name Fubao (Шаблон:Lang), 25th (14th) daughter
- Princess Ningfu (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1114), personal name Chuanzhu (Шаблон:Lang), 28th (16th) daughter
- Married Wanyan Zongjuan (Шаблон:Lang; d. 1139), the sixth son of Wanyan Min, in 1127, and had issue (one son)
- Married Wanyan Dan (1119–1150) in 1139
- Noble Consort, of the Wang clan (Шаблон:Lang; 1092–1127)
- Zhao E, Prince Yi (Шаблон:Lang; 1110–1132), 15th son
- Princess Shenfu (Шаблон:Lang), 27th daughter
- Able Consort, of the Yang clan (Шаблон:Lang; d. 1115)
- Princess Shunshu (Шаблон:Lang), third daughter
- Zhao Shi, Prince He (Шаблон:Lang; 1111–1128), 17th son
- Wanrong, of the Wang clan (Шаблон:Lang), personal name Yuegong (王月宮)
- Princess Huifu (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1112), personal name Zhuzhu (Шаблон:Lang), 24th (13th) daughter
- Married Wanyan Xiebao (Шаблон:Lang), the second son of Wanyan Zonghan, in 1127, and had issue (one son)
- Princess Huifu (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1112), personal name Zhuzhu (Шаблон:Lang), 24th (13th) daughter
- Wanrong, of the Yan clan (Шаблон:Lang; 1109–1133), personal name Baose (Шаблон:Lang)
- Zhao Zhu (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1130), 34th son
- Zhaoyuan, of the Zheng clan (Шаблон:Lang), personal name Meiniang (Шаблон:Lang)
- Zhao Tan (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1131), 35th son
- Xiurong, of the Han clan (Шаблон:Lang)
- Princess Baofu (Шаблон:Lang; 1112–1127), personal name Xianlang (Шаблон:Lang), 22nd (11th) daughter
- Jieyu, of the Wang clan (Шаблон:Lang)
- Zhao Ji (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1127), 33rd son
- Cairen, of the Qiao clan (Шаблон:Lang)
- Princess Xiande (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1111), personal name Qiaoyun (Шаблон:Lang), 17th (seventh) daughter
- Married Liu Wenyan (Шаблон:Lang)
- Princess Xiande (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1111), personal name Qiaoyun (Шаблон:Lang), 17th (seventh) daughter
- Cairen, of the Shao clan (才人邵氏), personal name Yuannu (元奴)
- Unnamed daughter (b.1128)
- Jieyu, of the Wang clan (婕妤 王氏, b. 1105)
- Zhao Xiang, Duke Han (韓公 趙相; b. 1125), 32nd son
- Cairen, of the Zhou clan (才人 春氏), personal name Chuntao (春桃)
- Unnamed child
- Unknown
- Zhao Ji, Prince Jing (Шаблон:Lang; 1102–1103), fourth son
- Zhao Shu, Prince Su (Шаблон:Lang; 1103–1130), fifth son
- Zhao Cai, Prince Bin (Шаблон:Lang; 1107–1116), tenth son
- Zhao Pu, Prince Yi (Шаблон:Lang; 1109–1123), 13th son
- Zhao Di, Prince Xu (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1109), 14th son
- Zhao Gong, Prince Yun (Шаблон:Lang; 1110–1112), 16th son
- Zhao Wo, Prince Ankang (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1112), 20th son
- Zhao Jian, Prince Guangping (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1112), 21st son
- Zhao Yue, Duke Ying (Шаблон:Lang; 1115–1131), 24th son
- Zhao Dong, Duke Wen (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1119), 27th son
- Zhao Tong, Duke Yi (Шаблон:Lang; 1121–1148), 29th son
- Zhao Bing, Duke Chang (Шаблон:Lang; 1122–1132), 30th son
- Zhao Cong, Duke Run (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1123), 31st son
- Princess Shunde (Шаблон:Lang; 1111–1137), personal name Yingluo (Шаблон:Lang), 18th (eighth) daughter
- Married Xiang Ziyi (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1111)
- Married Wanyan Zonghan (1080–1137) in 1127
- Married Wanyan Shengunai (Шаблон:Lang) in 1137
- Princess Yifu (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1111), personal name Yuanzhu (Шаблон:Lang), 19th (ninth) daughter
- Married Wanyan Zongbi (d. 1148) and had issue. (one son)
- Princess Lingfu (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1118), personal name Jinyin (Шаблон:Lang), 30th (18th) daughter
- Married Wanyan Dan (1119–1150)
- Princess Huafu (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1119), personal name Saiyue (Шаблон:Lang), 31st (19th) daughter
- Married Wanyan Dan (1119–1150)
- Princess Qingfu (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1121), personal name Jingu (Шаблон:Lang), 32nd (20th) daughter
- Married Wanyan Dan (1119–1150)
- Princess Chunfu (Шаблон:Lang; b. 1124), personal name Jinling (Шаблон:Lang), 33rd (21st) daughter
- Married Wanyan Sheyema (Шаблон:Lang), the first son of Wanyan Zonghan
- Married Wang Chengdi (Шаблон:Lang)
- Princess Gongfu (Шаблон:Lang), personal name Xiaojin (Шаблон:Lang), 34th daughter
- Princess Quanfu (Шаблон:Lang), 35th daughter
- Married Li Dunfu (Шаблон:Lang)
Ancestry
See also
- Chinese emperors family tree (middle)
- List of emperors of the Song dynasty
- Architecture of the Song dynasty
- Culture of the Song dynasty
- Economy of the Song dynasty
- History of the Song dynasty
- Society of the Song dynasty
- Technology of the Song dynasty
References
Citations
Sources
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Please see: References section in the guqin article for a full list of references used in all qin related articles.
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