Английская Википедия:Emperor Jimmu

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox royalty Шаблон:Infobox Chinese Шаблон:Nihongo was the legendary first emperor of Japan according to the Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang.[1][2] His ascension is traditionally dated as 660 BC.[3][4] In Japanese mythology, he was a descendant of the sun goddess Amaterasu, through her grandson Ninigi, as well as a descendant of the storm god Susanoo. He launched a military expedition from Hyūga near the Seto Inland Sea, captured Yamato, and established this as his center of power. In modern Japan, Emperor Jimmu's legendary accession is marked as National Foundation Day on February 11.[5] There is no evidence to suggest that Jimmu existed.[6]Шаблон:Rp However, there is a high probability that there was a powerful dynasty in the vicinity of Miyazaki Prefecture during the Kofun period.[6]Шаблон:Rp

Name and title

Jimmu is recorded as Japan's first ruler in two early chronicles, Шаблон:Lang (721) and Шаблон:Lang (712).[1] Шаблон:Lang gives the dates of his reign as 660–585 BC.[1] In the reign of Emperor Kanmu (737–806),Шаблон:Sfn the eighth-century scholar Ōmi no Mifune designated rulers before Emperor Ōjin as Шаблон:Nihongo, a Japanese pendant to the Chinese imperial title Tiān-dì (天帝), and gave several of them including Jimmu their canonical names. Prior to this time, these rulers had been known as Sumera no mikoto/Ōkimi. This practice had begun under Empress Suiko, and took root after the Taika Reforms with the ascendancy of the Nakatomi clan.[7]

Both the Шаблон:Lang and the Шаблон:Lang give Jimmu's name as Шаблон:Nihongo or Шаблон:Nihongo.[8] Iware indicates a toponym (an old place name in the Nara region) whose precise purport is unclear.[9] '-no-Mikoto' is an honorific, indicating divinity, nobility, or royalty.

Among his other names were: Шаблон:Nihongo, Шаблон:Nihongo and Шаблон:Nihongo.

The Imperial House of Japan traditionally based its claim to the throne on its putative descent from the sun-goddess Amaterasu via Jimmu's great-grandfather Ninigi.[10]

Consorts and children

Legendary narrative

Файл:Portrait-Emperor-Jimmu-by-Tsukioka-Yoshitoshi-1880.png
Emperor Jimmu, ukiyo-e by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1880)
Файл:Emperor-Jinmu-from-series-Mirror-of-Famous-Generals-of-Great-Japan.png
Emperor Jimmu, from the first National Census book 1920 in Japan

In Japanese mythology, the Age of the Gods is the period before Jimmu's accession.[11]

The story of Jimmu seems to rework legends associated with the Ōtomo clan (大伴氏), and its function was to establish that clan's links to the ruling family, just as those of Suijin arguably reflect Mononobe tales and the legends in Ōjin's chronicles seem to derive from Soga clan traditions.[12] Jimmu figures as a direct descendant of the sun goddess, Amaterasu via the side of his father, Ugayafukiaezu. Amaterasu had a son called Ame no Oshihomimi no Mikoto and through him a grandson named Ninigi-no-Mikoto. She sent her grandson to the Japanese islands where he eventually married Konohana-Sakuya-hime. Among their three sons was Hikohohodemi no Mikoto, also called Yamasachi-hiko, who married Toyotama-hime. She was the daughter of Ryūjin, the Japanese sea god. They had a single son called Hikonagisa Takeugaya Fukiaezu no Mikoto. The boy was abandoned by his parents at birth and consequently raised by Tamayori-hime, his mother's younger sister. They eventually married and had four sons. The last of these, Hikohohodemi, became Emperor Jimmu.[13]

Migration

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:More citations needed

Файл:Emperor Jimmu.jpg
Depiction of a bearded Jimmu with his bow and the golden kite. This 19th-century artwork is by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi.

According to the chronicles Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, Jimmu's brothers Itsuse no Mikoto, Inahi no Mikoto, and Mikeiri no Mikoto were born in Takachiho, the southern part of Kyūshū in modern-day Miyazaki Prefecture. They moved eastward to find a location more appropriate for administering the entire country. Jimmu's older brother, Itsuse no Mikoto, originally led the migration, and led the clan eastward through the Seto Inland Sea with the assistance of local chieftain Шаблон:Ill. As they reached Naniwa (modern-day Osaka), they encountered another local chieftain, Nagasunehiko ("the long-legged man"), and Itsuse was killed in the ensuing battle. Jimmu realized that they had been defeated because they battled eastward against the sun, so he decided to land on the east side of Kii Peninsula and to battle westward. They reached Kumano, and, with the guidance of a three-legged crow, Yatagarasu ("eight-span crow"), they moved to Yamato. There, they once again battled Nagasunehiko and were victorious. The record in the Шаблон:Lang of Emperor Jimmu states that his armed forces defeated a group of Шаблон:Nihongo before his enthronement.[14] The Emishi were an ethnic group who lived in Honshu, particularly the Tōhoku region.

In Yamato, Nigihayahi, who also claimed descent from the Takamagahara gods, was protected by Nagasunehiko. However, when Nigihayahi met Jimmu, he accepted Jimmu's legitimacy. At this point, Jimmu is said to have ascended to the throne of Japan. Upon scaling a Nara mountain to survey the Seto Inland Sea he now controlled, Jimmu remarked that it was shaped like the "heart" rings made by mating dragonflies, archaically akitsu 秋津.[15] A mosquito then tried to steal Jimmu's royal blood but since Jimmu was a god incarnate Emperor, Шаблон:Nihongo, a dragonfly killed the mosquito. Japan thus received its classical name the Dragonfly Islands, Шаблон:Nihongo.

Файл:Tomb of Emperor Jimmu, haisho.JPG
Unebi Goryō, the mausoleum of Jimmu in Kashihara Shrine, Kashihara City, Nara Prefecture

According to the Шаблон:Lang, Jimmu died when he was 126 years old. The Emperor's posthumous name literally means "divine might" or "god-warrior". It is generally thought that Jimmu's name and character evolved into their present shape just before[16] the time in which legends about the origins of the Yamato dynasty were chronicled in the Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn There are accounts written earlier than either Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang that present an alternative version of the story. According to these accounts, Jimmu's dynasty was supplanted by that of Ōjin, whose dynasty was supplanted by that of Keitai.[17] The Шаблон:Lang and the Шаблон:Lang then combined these three legendary dynasties into one long and continuous genealogy.

The traditional site of Jimmu's grave is near Mount Unebi in Kashihara, Nara Prefecture.[18]

Файл:Kashihara M6522.jpg
The inner prayer hall of Kashihara Shrine in Kashihara, Nara, the principal shrine devoted to Jimmu

Imperial Era veneration

Veneration of Jimmu was a central component of the imperial cult that formed following the Meiji Restoration.[19] In 1873, a holiday called Kigensetsu was established on February 11.[20] The holiday commemorated the anniversary of Jimmu's ascension to the throne 2,532 years earlier.[21] After World War II, the holiday was criticized as too closely associated with the "emperor system."[20] It was suspended from 1948 to 1966, but later reinstated as National Foundation Day.[20][22]

Between 1873 and 1945 an imperial envoy sent offerings every year to the supposed site of Jimmu's tomb.[23] In 1890 Kashihara Shrine was established nearby, on the spot where Jimmu was said to have ascended to the throne.[24]

Before and during World War II, expansionist propaganda made frequent use of the phrase hakkō ichiu, a term coined by Tanaka Chigaku based on a passage in the Шаблон:Lang discussing Emperor Jimmu.[25] Some media incorrectly attributed the phrase to Emperor Jimmu.[26] For the 1940 Kigensetsu celebration, marking the supposed 2,600th anniversary of Jimmu's enthronement, the Peace Tower[27] was constructed in Miyazaki.[28]

The same year numerous stone monuments relating to key events in Jimmu's life were erected around Japan. The sites at which these monuments were erected are known as Emperor Jimmu Sacred Historical Sites.[29]

Файл:2600th year of Japanese Imperial Calendar stamp of 10sen.jpg
Prewar 10-sen Japanese stamp, illustrating the Шаблон:Transliteration and the 2600th anniversary of the Empire
Файл:Celebrating Gagaku Music in Imperial 2600.JPG
Hirohito and Empress Kōjun presiding the celebration of the 2600th anniversary of mythical foundation of the Empire in November 1940

In 1940 Japan celebrated the 2600th anniversary of Jimmu's ascension and built a monument to Hakkō ichiu despite the fact that all historians knew Jimmu was a mythical figure. In 1941 the Japanese government charged the one historian who dared to challenge Jimmu's existence publicly, Tsuda Sōkichi.[30]

Historicity

There is no evidence Jimmu existed, except the mention in the Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang.[31][1]Шаблон:Page needed[2] The dates of Jimmu reigning from 660 BC to 585 BC are improbable,[32] and most modern scholars agree that the traditional founding of the Yamato dynasty in 660 BC is a myth and that Jimmu along with the first nine emperors are legendary.[33] The founding of Japan in the year 660 BC was probably created by the writers of Шаблон:Lang to put the date on a kanototori year.[34]

However, the stories of Jimmu may reflect real events of the mid to late Yayoi period.[35] According to historian Peter Wetzler, Jimmu's conquest of Osaka and Nara may reflect an actual event. Still, the dates and many of the details are fictitious.[36] Historian Kenneth G. Henshall stated that Jimmu's conquest may also reflect a time when the Yayoi people from continental Asia immigrated in masses starting from Kyushu and moving eastward during the Yayoi period.[37]

Since 1945, when the prohibition on questioning the Kojiki and the Nihongi was lifted, documentary research in China and archaeological research in Japan has undermined much of the information in both the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki.[6]Шаблон:Rp However, some scholars suggest that there may have been a real person behind Jimmu. He could have been a local ruler who conquered the area near Kashihara after 62 BC.[6]Шаблон:Rp If he ever was present in Miyazaki, some scholars believe he was there during the first century BC while others say he was there during the third or fourth century AD.[6]Шаблон:Rp

The legend of Jimmu is a mixture of myth with some plausible history.[2] For example, the sheer complexity of the lineage and mundanity of the legend argues that it could have some basis in reality.[2] If Jimmu was wholly fictional, it would have been easier to describe him as a direct descendant of a god.[2] The three-legged crow Yatagarasu could be a metaphor.[2] The weapons, tactics and route used by Jimmu are plausible.[2] The Japanese monarchy still uses the three sacred treasures, although the original sword was reportedly lost around 1185 and the current one may be a replica.[2] Emperor Sujin's historicity is considered possible by historians, while Emperor Kinmei is the first verifiable historical figure in the Yamato lineage.[38][39] It could also be that emperors associated themselves with historic or fictional heroic figures in the past to legitimize their reign.[2]

He may have been a composite of Suijin and Kentai.[40] The Japanese historian Ino Okifu identifies Emperor Jimmu with the Chinese alchemist and explorer Xu Fu (255–195 BC), a hypothesis supported by certain traditions in Japan and regarded as possible by some modern scholars.[41][42] The Yayoi period (300 BC–300 AD), during which significant changes in Japanese metallurgy and pottery occurred, started around the time of his supposed arrival.[43][44] However, the legend of Xu Fu's voyage also has numerous inconsistencies with the linguistic and anthropological history of Japan.[42]

Family tree

Шаблон:See also Шаблон:A genealogical tree based on the Kojiki Шаблон:Generations of Jimmu

See also

Шаблон:Portal

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок KodanshaJimmu не указан текст
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Kelly, Charles F. "Kofun Culture", Japanese Archaeology. April 27, 2009.
  4. ↑ * Kitagawa, Joseph (1987). Шаблон:Google books: "emphasis on the undisrupted chronological continuity from myths to legends and from legends to history, it is difficult to determine where one ends and the next begins. At any rate, the first ten legendary emperors are clearly not reliable historical records."
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Jacques H. Kamstra Encounter Or Syncretism: The Initial Growth of Japanese Buddhism, Brill 1967 pp. 65–67.
  8. ↑ 神倭伊波礼琵古命, OJ pronunciation: Kamu-Yamatö-ipare-biko (nö-mikötö) Donald Philippi, tr. Kojiki, University of Tokyo Press, 1969 p. 488
  9. ↑ Japanese Wikipedia Iware
  10. ↑ Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, [Japanese Loyalism Reconstrued: Yamagata Daini's Ryūshi Shinron of 1759], University of Hawai'i Press, 1995 pp. 106–107.
  11. ↑ Nussbaum, "Jindai" at Шаблон:Google books.
  12. ↑ Jacques H. Kamstra, Encounter Or Syncretism: The Initial Growth of Japanese Buddhism, Brill 1967 pp. 69–70.
  13. ↑ Nussbaum, "Chijin-godai" at Шаблон:Google books.
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ メンテナンス中
  16. ↑ Kennedy, Malcolm D. A History of Japan. London. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1963.
  17. ↑ Ooms, Herman. Imperial Politics and Symbolics in Ancient Japan: the Tenmu Dynasty, 650–800. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2009
  18. ↑ Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 神武天皇 (1); retrieved August 22, 2013.
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 "Kigensetsu Controversy", Japan: An Illustrated Encyclopedia (1993), Kodansha. Шаблон:ISBN.
  21. ↑ Britannica Kokusai Dai-Hyakkajiten article on "Kigensetsu".
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  23. ↑ Martin, Peter. (1997). The Chrysanthemum Throne: A History of the Emperors of Japan, pp. 18–20.
  24. ↑ Kashihara City website tourism page on "Kashihara Jingū".
  25. ↑ Britannica Kokusai Dai-Hyakkajiten article on "Hakkō ichiu".
  26. ↑ Dower, John W., War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War, faber and faber, 1993 p. 223.
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Nihongo
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  41. ↑ Liu, Hong. The Chinese Overseas: Routledge Library of Modern China. Taylor & Francis (2006). Шаблон:ISBN.
  42. ↑ 42,0 42,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  43. ↑ Lee, Khoon Choy Lee. Choy, Lee K. (1995). Japan – between Myth and Reality: Between Myth and Reality. World Scientific publishing. Шаблон:ISBN.
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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