Английская Википедия:Empress Nara

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The Empress of the Nara Clan (Chinese Manchurian: Шаблон:Lang; 11 March 1718[1] – 19 August 1766[2]) was the wife and second empress consort of the Qianlong Emperor.[3] She was the empress consort of the Qing Dynasty from 1750 until her death in 1766. Informally known as the Step Empress, she is one of the most controversial female figures in Chinese history.

Originally a noble consort named Xian, she was elevated to empress rank after Empress Xiaoxianchun's death on 8 April 1748. In her role as empress consort, she accompanied the Qianlong Emperor on many leisure and hunting trips, as well as ancestral worship ceremonies.

Historical records give little information about her life or even her physical appearance. Because of this lack of documentation, there has been intense speculation among Chinese academicians regarding her historicity and character. It is widely suspected that the Qianlong Emperor destroyed all her imperial records and portraits.

Although never officially deposed, she lost her authority as chief of the imperial harem in 1765, reputedly because she cut her hair, an act that was considered a grave offense according to ancient Manchurian custom. Consequently, the Qianlong Emperor ordered that her four titular imperial edicts, accompanying gifts, and imperial seal be confiscated. After her death, she was not given an imperial funeral, nor a Buddhist posthumous name, nor was she buried with the Qianlong Emperor.

Debate over historical maiden name

In the Draft History of Qing, the future Step Empress is noted as being a member of the Ula-Nara clan.[4] However, the Draft History of Qing is noted to be riddled with errors, due to a hasty publication that precluded an editing process.[5]

Her father was listed as Narbu, found in the Genealogy of the Manchu Clans (Шаблон:Zh) as being a descendant of Wangginu (Шаблон:Zh), a leader of the Hoifa clan, and the family's ancestors are listed under the section "People with the surname Nara in the Hoifa area" (Шаблон:Zh) as having lived in the Hoifa area for generations.[6] Therefore, some modern publications have stated the Step Empress is a member of the Hoifa-Nara tribe.[7] But due to the fact that the Ula-Nara clan is the most ancient Nara clan, the Step Empress's ancestors might have changed their last name to Ula-Nara to make their name more noble.

However, at least one author has noted that with members of the Nara clan, the name that comes before Nara merely denotes the geographical area in which the family resided in, and that all members of the clan share the same last name, regardless of their area of residence.[8] In the Factual Record of Qing (Шаблон:Zh), when the Step Empress, at the time the secondary consort of Qianlong, was elevated to Consort Xian, she was referred to as being of the Nara clan, rather than as a member of the Ula-Nara or Hoifa-Nara tribe.[9]

The debate over the Empress's maiden name has manifested itself in two 2018 media portrayals of the Empress's life.

Early life

The date of the Step Empress's birth is a matter of debate, with the book Four Genealogies of the Qing Royal House stating that she was born some time in the second lunar month of an unknown year,[11] and at least one modern book stating that she was born on the 10th day of the 2nd month of the 57th year of Kangxi Emperor's reign.Шаблон:Efn[3] She was born to Narbu, a Niru ejen, or assistant captain. The family is of the Bordered Blue Banner.[11]

Before Hongli's enthronement in 1735, his father, the Yongzheng Emperor, appointed Lady Nara as his secondary consort.Шаблон:Sfn Lady Nara was noted to have gained Hongli's favour during this time.[3] After the death of Yongzheng, Hongli succeeded him as the Qianlong Emperor, and Lady Nara was granted the title "Consort Xian" (Шаблон:Zh) on 23 January 1738.Шаблон:Efn[9] Her pleasant character also won the favour of Qianlong's mother, the Empress Dowager Chongqing,Шаблон:Sfn and on 9 December 1745, she was promoted to "Noble Consort Xian" (Шаблон:Zh).[12]

As Empress of the Central Palace

Qianlong's first empress, Empress Xiaoxianchun, died on the 8th day of the 3rd month of the 13th year of Qianlong at the age of 36,Шаблон:Efn but it was not well documented by historical sources.[13] Some say that she died on a boat in Dezhou, but most believe that she made it back to the Forbidden City in Beijing.

The emperor later promoted Lady Nara to the position of "Imperial Noble Consort"Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn (Шаблон:Zh) via an edict issued on the 5th day of the 4th month of the 13th year of his reign,Шаблон:Efn giving her administrative powers over the harem as acting Empress.[14]

Two years later, an edict to appoint the Imperial Noble Consort as the new empress was issued on the 12th day of the 7th month of the 15th year of Qianlong.Шаблон:Efn[15] The decision was made following the mourning period for Empress Xiaoxianchun.[16] From then on, the Empress of the Nara Clan accompanied Qianlong on many trips, ancestral worship ceremonies, and hunts.[17] Between the 17th year of Qianlong to the 20th year,Шаблон:Efn the Step Empress gave birth to three children: the 12th prince, Yongji (Шаблон:Lang), an unnamed 5th daughter and the 13th prince, Yongjing (Шаблон:Lang), respectively.[17]

Downfall

According to the Draft History of Qing, in 1765, during the 30th year of Qianlong's reign, the Step Empress accompanied the emperor on a tour to Southern China. As the group arrived at Hangzhou, the Qianlong Emperor wanted to make his consort, Noble Consort Ling, the new Imperial Noble Consort. However, there was a tradition that no new Imperial Noble Consorts would be appointed when an empress was alive. Thus, when the Qianlong Emperor insisted that Noble Consort Ling be granted the title of Imperial Noble Consort, the Step Empress refused and cut her hair, an act of cursing the emperor and his mother, Empress Dowager Chongqing. The Empress of the Nara Clan was ordered by the emperor to return to the capital.[18] The Emperor ordered Fulong'an (Шаблон:Lang), the husband of his fourth daughter, to escort the Step Empress to Beijing via waterways.[19]

[20]

Chinese author Li Shu, in her 2019 book on Qing imperial cuisine, claimed to pinpoint the exact moment the incident happened, using Qing dynasty records of the portions of food the Emperor gave to his concubines. She argued that the granting of a food portion represents an act of honor and love by the Emperor to his concubine, whereas withholding such a grant indicates displeasure. She postulated that the incident happened at some point following breakfast on the 18th day of the leap 2nd month of the 30th year of Qianlong,Шаблон:Efn when the Step Empress received a portion of assorted meats, and before dinner that same day, when the Step Empress was not mentioned as having received any portion of food from the Emperor.[21] In addition, starting from that dinner and thereafter, the Step Empress's name was covered up with yellow paper on records of food portion grants.[17]

After the incident and following the Step Empress’ return to the capital, she was still granted the same amount of daily food and charcoal rations as would be accorded to an Empress, and she was given five eunuchs and two cooks.[22] But on the 14th day of the 5th month of the 30th year of Qianlong,Шаблон:Efn following the Emperor's return to Beijing, the Emperor ordered that the Step Empress's four written edicts that bestowed her various imperial titles, as well as the accompanying gifts, be confiscated.[19] In addition, the Step Empress's tenfold maid workforce was reduced to two, the same amount of maids that a Second Attendant (Шаблон:Lang; the lowest concubine) was allowed to have.[19] Furthermore, the Qianlong Emperor conferred the title of Imperial Noble Consort on Noble Consort Ling half a month after his return to the capital.[19] Under Qing dynasty’s ranking of consorts, an Imperial Noble Consort was only a step below the Empress, meaning that while Ling was not explicitly granted administrative powers over the harem, the Step Empress had definitely fallen out of favour with the Emperor.[19]

Death

The Step Empress died in the 7th month of the 31st year of Qianlong.Шаблон:Efn However, the exact date of her death is a matter of debate. The Draft History of Qing, which has accuracy and reliability concerns, states that she died on the Jiawu,Шаблон:Efn while modern works typically list her death as having happened on the 14th day of the 7th month.Шаблон:Efn[23]

The Step Empress was already seriously ill by the 6th month of that same year,Шаблон:Efn but despite her illness, Qianlong did not delay his trip to the summer residence in Chengde.[24]

At the time of the Step Empress's death, the Qianlong Emperor was on his annual hunting excursion at the Mulan Hunting Grounds (木蘭圍場, in the present-day Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County).[25] Instead of ending his excursion immediately to head back to the Forbidden City, he ordered his 12th son, Yongji (the Step Empress's biological son),[24] to return to the palace to handle the funerary affairs.

By the Qianlong Emperor's order, the Step Empress's funeral was treated as that of an Imperial Noble Consort,[25] but in reality, the ceremony was a much more scaled-down affair. For example, the usual cancellation of imperial cabinet meetings for five days was not carried out, and the requirement for princesses, nobles, and high-ranking court officials to attend the mourning sessions was waived.[24] In addition, the casket used for the Step Empress was of a much lower quality.[24] For her burial, the Step Empress was laid to rest in the Yu Mausoleum of the Eastern Qing tombs, next to Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui, instead of being entombed beside the Emperor's future resting place.[26]

Titles

Issue

  • As Empress:
    • Yongji (Шаблон:Lang; born on the 25th day of the 4th month of the 17th year of Qianlong;[17] 7 June 1752–17 March 1776), the Qianlong Emperor's 12th son.[27]
    • Fifth daughter (born on the 23rd day of the 6th month of the 18th year of Qianlong;[17] 23 July 1753–1 June 1755)
    • Yongjing (Шаблон:Lang; born on the 21st day of the 12th month of the 20th year of Qianlong; 22 January 1756–7 September 1757), the Qianlong Emperor's 13th son.[17]

In Television and Film

  • Portrayed as Empress Ula-Nara by Fan Bingbing in The Lady in the Portrait (2017).[30]

See also

Notes on Chinese years

Many historical materials on the Step Empress utilize the ancient Chinese lunisolar calendar, coupled with the Chinese era name system. The following Gregorian calendar dates were derived, using Шаблон:URL developed by the Academia Sinica in Taiwan.

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:S-start Шаблон:S-hou Шаблон:S-roy Шаблон:S-bef Шаблон:S-ttl Шаблон:S-aft Шаблон:S-end

Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок BirthDispute не указан текст
  2. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок DeathDispute не указан текст
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Шаблон:Harvnb
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "皇后，烏喇那拉氏，佐領那爾布女。(The Empress, of the Ula-Nara, daughter of niru ejen Narbu)."
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: 那拉氏是滿清八大姓之一，支系繁多，烏拉那拉、輝發那拉、葉赫那拉、哈達那拉都屬那拉氏的分支。而所謂分支，即地域之分，也就是說，「那拉」才是真正姓氏，而前面的「烏拉」、「輝發」等則是地域上的區分。因此，這位乾隆繼后，無論是來自「烏拉」地區還是「輝發」地區，都不影響她被稱作「那拉氏」。(The Clan Nara is one of Qing Dynasty's 8 major clans, and has a complicated system of branches. Ula-Nara, Hoifa-Nara, Yehe-Nara, Hada-Nara are all branches of the Clan Nara. As for what "branches" mean, it's a geographical distinguisher, meaning "Nara" is the real surname, and that the prefix, such as "Ula" and "Hoifa", is merely a geographical identifier. That means, for this Qianlong Emperor consort, it doesn't matter whether she hails from the Ula or Hoifa area, she is still of the Clan Nara.)
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Harvnb:據《清皇室四譜》，那拉氏出生年份不詳，只知生於二月，鑲藍旗佐領那爾布之女... (According to the Four Genealogies of the Qing Royal House, Nala's year of birth is not known. It is only known that she was born on the second month. She was the daughter of niru ejen Narbu, of the Bordered Blue Banner.)
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 17,3 17,4 17,5 Шаблон:Harvnb
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "三十年，從上南巡，至杭州，忤上旨，后剪髮，上益不懌，令后先還京師。(On the 30th year, [the Step Empress] followed the Emperor for a southern tour. She defied an imperial order in Hangzhou, and cut her hair, causing growing displeasure with the Emperor, who ordered the Step Empress to return to the capital.
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 19,3 19,4 Шаблон:Harvnb
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 24,2 24,3 Шаблон:Harvnb
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 Шаблон:Harvnb: "三十一年七月甲午，崩。上方幸木蘭，命喪儀視皇貴妃。(Died on the Jiawu of the 7th month of the 31st year [of Qianlong]. His Majesty was at Mulan at the time, and ordered to treat the funeral as that of an Imperial Noble Consort.)
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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