Английская Википедия:Energy in Saudi Arabia
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Multiple issues Шаблон:Use dmy dates
Energy in Saudi Arabia involves petroleum and natural gas production, consumption, and exports, and electricity production. Saudi Arabia is the world's leading oil producer and exporter. Saudi Arabia's economy is petroleum-based; oil accounts for 90% of the country's exports and nearly 75% of government revenue.[1] The oil industry produces about 45% of Saudi Arabia's gross domestic product, against 40% from the private sector.[2] Saudi Arabia has per capita GDP of $20,700.[2] The economy is still very dependent on oil despite diversification, in particular in the petrochemical sector.
For many years the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been the world's largest petroleum producer and exporter. In 2011 it pumped about Шаблон:Convert per day of petroleum.[1] While most of this is exported, domestic use is rapidly increasing, primarily for electricity production. Saudi Arabia also has the largest, or one of the largest, proven crude oil reserves (i.e. oil that is economically recoverable[3][4]) in the world (18% of global reserves, over Шаблон:Convert).
Saudi Arabia, has one of the largest reserves of natural gas in the Persian Gulf. Proven natural gas reserves are over Шаблон:Convert. Global production in 2009 reached Шаблон:Convert of oil and Шаблон:Convert of natural gas.[5] but due to its sizeable domestic gas markets, is "unlikely to become LNG exporters anytime soon". Saudi Arabia is prioritising upstream gas investment, but for use in the domestic power generation market, not for export.[6]
The country has had plans to diversify its energy sources for some time, developing solar[7] and nuclear power.[8]
| Energy in Saudi Arabia[9] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capita | Prim. energy | Production | Export | Electricity | CO2-emission | |
| Million | TWh | TWh | TWh | TWh | Mt | |
| 2004 | 24.0 | 1,633 | 6,469 | 4,811 | 148 | 324 |
| 2007 | 24.2 | 1,748 | 6,412 | 4,606 | 175 | 358 |
| 2008 | 24.7 | 1,879 | 6,734 | 4,796 | 187 | 389 |
| 2009 | 25.4 | 1,836 | 6,145 | 4,324 | 199 | 410 |
| 2010 | 27.45 | 1,969 | 6,258 | 4,551 | 219 | 446 |
| 2012 | 28.08 | 2,176 | 6,998 | 4,700 | 227 | 457 |
| 2012R | 28.29 | 2,329 | 7,269 | 4,949 | 248 | 459 |
| 2013 | 28.83 | 2,235 | 7,146 | 4,882 | 264 | 472 |
| Change 2004–2010 | 15% | 21% | -3% | -5% | 48% | 37% |
| Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) = 11.63 TWh (terawatt-hours). Primary energy includes energy losses. 2012R: CO2 calculation criteria changed; numbers updated. | ||||||
Petroleum
Reserves
Шаблон:MainAccording to OPEC, Saudi Arabia possesses around 17% of the world’s proven petroleum reserves. Apart from petroleum, the Kingdom’s other natural resources include natural gas, iron ore, gold, and copper.[10]
In January 2007, Saudi Aramco's proven reserves were estimated at Шаблон:Convert, comprising about 24% of the world total.[11] They would last for 90 years at the current rate of production. 85% of Saudi oil fields found have not been extracted yet.
The Ghawar oil field is the largest oil field in the world, holding over Шаблон:Convert. Ghawar is able to produce Шаблон:Convert per day of oil.[11] Aramco announced Шаблон:Convert per day expansion and integration with neighboring petrochemical plants in Ras Tanura and Yanbu by 2010 to 2012.[2]
However, according to journalist Karen Elliott House, "some energy experts are convinced that current reserves are substantially lower than those officially claimed by Saudis and that the depletion rate is substantially faster."[12] According to a former senior executive of the state-run Aramco oil company Sadad Ibrahim Al Husseini the country's real oil reserves are 40% lower than the official estimate of 716 billion barrels of oil.[13] House states, "no convincing evidence ever has been provided to support the increase [in Saudi oil reserves]. And tellingly, in 1982 the kingdom and other OPEC oil producers ceased releasing production data by field. ... Finally, Saudi Arabia has not revised its reserve estimate since 1988, even though it has pumped somewhere between Шаблон:Convert a day for the intervening two decades, for a total of nearly Шаблон:Convert."[12]
New oil fields
New oil fields will add up to Шаблон:Convert per day to production capacity by 2011. The new fields are Haradh, Khurais, Khusaniyah, Manifa, Neutral Zone (shared with Kuwait), Nuayyin and Shaybah I II & III.
Production
Шаблон:See also Saudi Arabia is the major oil producer in the world accounting for 12.9% of the global production.[14]
Saudi Arabia produces over Шаблон:Convert per day of oil,[1] exporting Шаблон:Convert per day. The government is investing over $71 Billion to increase oil production to near Шаблон:Convert per day by 2009 and up to Шаблон:Convert per day by 2015.[2] This may be attributed to the report that Шаблон:Convert of excess capacity are needed to compensate for a natural decline in availability.[2]
The future of Saudi Arabian oil is complicated by the fact that the major Saudi oil fields are extremely old and have been producing oil for decades. Corrosion is becoming a large problem in addition to many other problems that come over time. The result is that most of the easily produced oil is gone from these fields and tapping the rest of the oil is probably going to be much more difficult and more expensive. Such increased difficulty and expense may indicate that Saudi Arabian oil fields have already peaked.[15]
Shipping
The majority of the oil is shipped via supertankers to refineries around the world. Three major ports are used for the shipping. Ras Tanura is the world's largest offshore oil loading facility with Шаблон:Convert capacity. The Ras al-Ju'aymah facility, on the coast of the Persian Gulf, loads nearly 75% of the exports. The last of the three largest terminals is the Yanbu terminal located on the Red Sea.[2] The enormous sea shipping capacity is vital to Saudi Arabia given the absence of international pipelines.
Export
For many years Saudi's ability to increase production of oil and stabilize price spikes led it to be compared to an international central bank and be called a "central bank of oil‘.[3]
Consumption
The Kingdom's consumption of its own oil production has steadily increased and it now consumes about one quarter of its oil production (approximately three million barrels per day).[3] As of 2012 petrol in Saudi Arabia was sold at a price cheaper than bottled water—approximately USШаблон:Convert.[16] According to Jim Krane, "Saudi Arabia now consumes more oil than Germany, an industrialized country with triple the population and an economy nearly five times as large."[3][17] According to a report by Citigroup's analyst Heidy Rehman, "As a result of its subsidies we calculate 'lost' oil and gas revenues to Saudi Arabia in 2011 to be over $80 billion",[18] adding that "at the domestic level, we believe the only real way to rationalize energy consumption would be to reduce subsidy levels."[3]
Aramco
Until 1973 the government did not receive a share of the oil drilled within its boundaries. In 1973 the Saudi government gained a 25% share of the interest from Aramco.[11] In 1980 the Saudi government purchased nearly 100% of the Aramco oil business giving Saudi officials complete control over prices and production. In 1988 the oil company was renamed Saudi Aramco.[11] The company is controlled by the government but also has a board of advisors and a CEO. The current CEO and President of Saudi Aramco is Amin H. Al-Nasser.[11]
Future perspectives
The future prospects of energy in Saudi Arabia have been studied extensively by the King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (KAPSARC).[19][20] Furthermore, Saudi officials are not concerned about alternative energy sources hurting the market for its exports. In a recent interview with CBS, they asked Saudi Arabia's oil minister the following question: "Let me be blunt, okay? And ask you to be candid: is it Aramco's hope to prevent a switch away from oil? Somebody said, 'The country is the oil business.' You absolutely need to do this for your own survival".[21] The minister responded by stating that:
Yeah, we admit a fact that yes, we depend on the oil industry. We want it to help us, you know, to develop our economy and develop the economy of the world. So what is good for the wellbeing of Saudi Arabia should be good for the wellbeing of the world, too... we have to be realistic. We don't have the alternatives today[21]
Saudi oil policy is shaped by multiple factors and as these factors change and/or as new information becomes available, Saudi Arabia's oil policy will also change.[22]
Natural gas
Saudi Arabia has the world's fourth largest reserves of natural gas, of Шаблон:Convert. One-third of this reserve is found in the Ghawar.[2] Before the master gas system, the oil company flared (burned) the gas as it came from the oil well. Until recently production of natural gas was tightly controlled as it is so closely linked to oil production. The World Trade Organization criticized the government and Aramco for heavily subsidizing natural gas. According to the Energy Information Administration the price was USШаблон:Convert.[2] On January 1, 2016, the domestic price of natural gas was raised to Шаблон:Convert.[23]
In January 2020, Aramco announced a $1.85 billion investment to set up the first natural gas storage facility in Saudi Arabia.[24] In 2019, a study presented that natural gas storage is only financially viable if Saudi Arabia meets its natural gas production target in 2030.[25]
Also, in February 2020, Aramco initiated a plan to invest $110 billion to develop gas reserves in Al-Jafurah field, Al-Ahsa Governorate, to start production by 2024 to 2036 when fully developed, which is expected to hold Шаблон:Convert of wet gas, Шаблон:Convert per day of ethane and Шаблон:Convert per day of gas liquids and condensates.[26]
Electricity
Saudi Arabia is the fastest growing electricity consumer in the Middle East, particularly of transportation fuels. In 2005, Saudi Arabia was the world's 15th largest consumer of primary energy, of which over 60 percent was petroleum-based. The remainder was made up of natural gas.
Two ministries share responsibility for the energy sector: the Ministry of Oil and the Ministry of Water and Electricity. The Ministry of Water was created in 2001 by merging water related sub-departments. Its stated purpose is "to prepare a comprehensive plan to establish water and sewage networks all over the Kingdom. It will also develop the country's water policies and propose new regulations to preserve water."[27][28] In 2003, this department was expanded.
Electricity consumption
Electricity consumption in Saudi Arabia increased sharply during the 1990–2010 period due to rapid economic development. Peak loads reached nearly 24 GW in 2001—25 times their 1975 level-and are expected to approach 60 GW by 2023.[2] The investment needed to meet this demand may exceed $90 billion. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop energy conservation policies for sustainable development.
Electricity generation is 40% from Oil 52% from Natural Gas and 8% from steam. Generation capacity is approximately 55 GW.[29] A looming energy shortage requires Saudi Arabia to increase its capacity. Capacity is planned to be increased to 120 GW by 2032.[29]
The government has approved the construction of a $300 million facility to turn waste into energy. The facility will process 180 tons of waste per day, producing 6 MW of electricity and Шаблон:Convert of distilled water.[2]
Conservation
Towards the end of 1998, the electricity sector embarked upon a major restructuring program. One of its aims was to achieve sustainable performance. Although progress has been made, remaining challenges, include high demand growth, low generation capacity reserve margins, in efficient energy use, absence of time-of-use rate adjustments, and the need for large capital investments to fund expansion.
Current sustainable policies, particularly those encouraging energy conservation, led to peak load savings of more than 871 MW in 2001, mainly as a result of collaboration between the Ministry of Water and Electricity and the Saudi Electricity Company.
Policies and programs are being developed for public awareness, energy regulation and legislation, and energy information and programming. If energy conservation is successful, demand can be reduced by 5–10%. This is equivalent to 3–6 GW of additional capacity, which represents a possible $1.5–3.0 billion saving over 20 years. Typically, investment in energy efficiency is 1% of utility sales revenues, which for a country like Saudi Arabia could be $15–60 million annually. If only savings on air conditioning are considered, the return on investment is equivalent to 400–500 MW of generating capacity—a saving of up to $0.25 billion p.a.
Bureaucratic history
The development of electricity in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia can be divided into two stages:
Phase 1: Initially, electricity generation was left to small, local companies. Such companies sold power at varying rates according to local costs.
In 1961 (1381 AH), the Department of Electricity Affairs was established within the Ministry of Commerce, with a mandate to regulate the electricity generation sector and to issue permits and licenses to electricity companies and to encourage national investment.
In 1972 (1392 AH), the Department of Electricity Services was established. This Department was separated from the Ministry of Commerce and was given the additional responsibility of planning electrical services for the Kingdom as a whole.
In 1974 (1394 AH), the Ministry of Commerce was divided into the Commerce Agency and the Industry and Electricity Agency. In that same year, the electricity tariff was set for all companies at a level below their actual costs.
In 1975 (1395 AH), the Government adopted ambitious plans for economic development requiring investment in industry and electrification. The Ministry of Industry and Electricity was formed, with an Industrial Affairs Agency and an Electricity Affairs Agency. The Electricity Affairs Agency expanded the planning, co-ordination and regulatory roles for providing electrical services. The Electricity Corporation was established in 1976 (1396 AH) to coordinate the electricity plans contained in the Kingdom's Development Plan.
From 1976 to 1981 (1396 – 1401 AH) all community electricity generation was gradually subsumed under the four regional Saudi Consolidated Electricity Companies (SCECOs), located in the Central, Eastern, Southern and Western regions.
With the formulation of a coherent development plan and the establishment of the SCECOs, the Government was able to bring electricity to the towns, villages and settlements throughout the Kingdom.
The number of electricity customers grew from 216,000 in 1970 (1390 AH) to 3,035,000 in 1996 and 4,955,906 in 2006.
In May 2003, electricity was made the responsibility of the Ministry of Water and Electricity.
Saudi Consolidated Electricity Companies (SCECOs)
The first SCECO (SCECO-East) was created in 1976 (1396/97 AH). This was followed in 1979 (1399/1400 AH) by SCECO-South. Electricity for the southwest is provided by another consolidated company, and the central region is served by SCECO-Central.
The General Electricity Corporation (GEC) had overall responsibility for the Kingdom's electricity system and had direct responsibility for the provision of electrical supplies to rural areas not then covered by the consolidated companies. The GEC represented the government equity holdings in all the independent electricity generating companies and was a source of finance for those companies' capital requirements.
In 1998, the Government announced the reorganization of the electricity sector by establishing a stock market company, named the Saudi Electric Company, through the merger of all the electricity companies operating in the Kingdom.
Solar power
During the 2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Qatar Saudi Arabia announced its target to receive third of its electricity demand from solar power with 41GW of solar capacity by 2032.[30] Same time was announced investment in 17 new nuclear reactors in next 20 years.[31] Indeed, Saudi Arabia has been ranked the 6th in solar energy potential.[32]
Nuclear power
Шаблон:Main In 2010, King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy was established. The Saudi government plans a $100 billion program of nuclear power with the goal of generating 110 gigawatts by 2032, using at least 12 nuclear power plants which are intended to begin coming into operation in 2019.[33] They have been negotiating with France, China, Japan, Korea, Russia, and Argentina over access to nuclear technology.[34]
The nuclear ambitions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia have led to heightened concern in the United States Congress, especially since the crown prince of Saudi Arabia Mohammed bin Salman, claimed in 2018 that the country will immediately follow suit if regional rival Iran developed a nuclear bomb. A 17 September 2020 publication by The Guardian claimed that Saudi Arabia holds enough reserves to mine uranium ore to produce nuclear fuel, raising concerns regarding the Gulf nation's interest in the atomic weapons program. The source of the information was a report compiled by the Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology (BRIUG) and China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) that have been working for the Saudi Geological Survey.[35]
Business persons
Forbes ranked Mohammed Al Amoudi as richest Saudi Arabian in energy business in 2013.[36]
Carbon dioxide emissions
Шаблон:See also Saudi Arabia was the 15th top carbon dioxide emitter per capita in the world in 2009: 18.56 tonnes per capita.[37]Шаблон:Needs update
See also
References
Шаблон:Saudi Arabia topics Шаблон:OPEC Шаблон:Energy in OPEC Шаблон:Asia topic Шаблон:Asia topic Шаблон:Middle East topic Шаблон:Middle East topic
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 2,9 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Venezuela has more oil in the form of tar sands, heavy bitumen which is not currently economically competitive.
- ↑ 2011 report on oil and gas companies, Promoting revenue Transparency Шаблон:Webarchive Transparency International 2011 page reserves 114–115
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics 2015 Шаблон:Webarchive, 2014 (2012R as in November 2015 Шаблон:Webarchive + 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria, 2013 Шаблон:Webarchive, 2012 Шаблон:Webarchive, 2011 Шаблон:Webarchive, 2010 Шаблон:Webarchive, 2009 Шаблон:Webarchive, 2006 Шаблон:Webarchive IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 11,4 Saudi Aramco History
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Key world statistics 2012 Шаблон:Webarchive IEA
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ The End of the Saudi Oil Reserve Margin (behind paywall) By Jim Krane |Wall Street Journal| 3 April 2012
- ↑ Saudi Arabian power providers pay $5 to $15 a barrel for its fuel from state-owned Saudi Arabian Oil Co., according to the report. Brent crude, the benchmark for more than half the world's oil, traded at $116 a barrel
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 29,0 29,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Louis Boisgibault, Fahad Al Kabbani (2020): Energy Transition in Metropolises, Rural Areas and Deserts. Wiley - ISTE. (Energy series) Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Saudi Arabia announces $109bn solar strategy The Guardian 26 November 2012
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ World carbon dioxide emissions data by country: China speeds ahead of the rest Guardian 31 January 2011
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