Английская Википедия:Engan languages
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Infobox language family The Engan, or more precisely Enga – Southern Highland, languages are a small family of Papuan languages of the highlands of Papua New Guinea. The two branches of the family are rather distantly related, but were connected by Franklin and Voorhoeve (1973).[1]
Name
The name "Engan" is often restricted to the northern branch of the family, to those languages transparently related to Enga, but also sometimes to the family as a whole.
Languages
The languages fall into three quite distinct branches: Engan proper, Huli, and Southern Highlands:
- North Engan (Engan proper): Enga–Kyaka–Lembena, Ipili, Bisorio (Nete, Iniai)
- South Engan (Kewa–Huli)
Classification
The Engan family constitutes a branch of the Trans–New Guinea languages in the classification of Malcolm Ross, but the evidence for this is weak.
There are a considerable number of resemblances with Wiru. Borrowing has not been ruled out as the reason for this, though the pronouns are similar as well.
Proto-language
Phonemes
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:[2]
*m *n *p *t *k *mb *nd *ŋg *w *l *j
Vowels are *i *e *a *o *u.
Pronouns
Pronouns are easy to reconstruct for the northern and southern branches, but much more difficult for Engan as a whole. Ross (2005) has the following for the singular, Wiru has been added for comparison:
pEngan N Engan S Engan Wiru 1 **nə *na-ba *ní no (gen. anu) 2 **ne-ke *ne-ba *ne-ke ne (gen. ne-ke) 3 ? *ba *[n]i-bu one
Usher (2020) has not yet published reconstruction of Engan as a whole, but has done Engan proper:[3]
Engan proper sg du pl 1 *na(-mba) *nali(-mba) *nani(-ma) 2 *ni(-mba) 3 *[e]-mba
Vocabulary
Some lexical reconstructions of Proto-Trans Enga (Proto-Engan) by Usher (2020) are:[2]
gloss Proto-Trans-Enga Proto-Southern Highlands Huli name *ŋge *[i]mbi mi-ni fire/tree *ita *ti iɾa moon *kana *eke, *jumba ege four *tumenda *mala ma- path *kaita *pota haɾiga stand *kata *ka ha cassowary *laima *jati jaɾi skin *jan[o/u] *joŋgale doŋgo-ne
Evolution
The Enga-Kewa-Huli reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma, if Engan languages are indeed members of the Trans-New Guinea family, are:[4]
Enga:
- mona ‘heart’ < *mundun
- yaka ‘bird’ < *Шаблон:Transl
- lyaŋa ‘ashes’ < *Шаблон:Transl
- ŋaŋa ‘baby < *ŋaŋ(a)
- Шаблон:Transl ‘mother’ < *Шаблон:Transl
- kuri ‘bone’ < *kondaC
- kare ‘ear’ < *Шаблон:Transl
- ne- ‘eat’ < *na
- Шаблон:Transl ‘father’ < *apa
- iti ‘hair’ < *Шаблон:Transl
- endo ‘fire’ < *Шаблон:Transl
- lema ‘louse’ < *niman
- kana ‘moon’ < *Шаблон:Transl
- mana ‘instructions’ < *mana
- kitama ‘morning’ < *Шаблон:Transl
- kumi- ‘die’ < *kumV-
- re- ‘speak’ < *nde-
- maa ‘taro’ < *mV
- ita ‘tree’ < *inda
Huli:
- ega ‘bird’ < *Шаблон:Transl
- na- ‘eat’ < *na-
- aba ‘father’ < *apa
- iri ‘hair’ < *Шаблон:Transl
- ira ‘tree’ < *inda
- ma ‘taro’ < *mV
Kewa:
- ama ‘mother’ < *Шаблон:Transl
- ibi ‘name’ < *imbi
- iri ‘hair’ < *Шаблон:Transl
- uni ‘bone’ < *kwanjaC
- apu ‘tail’ < *Шаблон:Transl
- lema ‘louse’ < *Шаблон:Transl
- oma ‘die’ < *kumV-
- reka- ‘stand’ < *Шаблон:Transl
- la- ‘talk’ < *nde-
- maa ‘taro’ < *mV
- yaa ‘bird’ < *Шаблон:Transl
- am ‘mother’ < *Шаблон:Transl
- ap ‘father’ < *apa
- mbi ‘name’ < *imbi
- ome- ‘die’ < *kumV-
Vocabulary
Basic vocabulary of Enga and Kewa from William A. Foley (1986):[5]
gloss Enga Kewa ‘two’ rama laapo ‘man’ akari ali ‘water’ ipa ipa ‘fire’ ita repona ‘tree’ ita are ‘leaf’ yoko yo ‘root’ pingi pitaa ‘house’ ada ada ‘breast’ adu adu ‘tooth’ nege agaa ‘bone’ kori kuli ‘ear’ kare kale ‘hair’ iti iri ‘leg’ kape aa ‘blood’ kupapu kupaa ‘hand’ ruma ki ‘egg’ kapa yaa apaa ‘sun’ nita nare ‘axe’ patama rai ‘netbag’ nuu nu ‘eat’ ne- na- ‘die’ kumi- koma- ‘say’ re- la- ‘give’ mai-/gi- gi- ‘big’ adake adaa
References
Further reading
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Engan. TransNewGuinea.org.
External links
- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Enga – Southern Highlands Шаблон:Webarchive
- (ibid.) Trans-Enga
Шаблон:Trans–New Guinea languages Шаблон:Papuan languages Шаблон:Language families Шаблон:Languages of Papua New Guinea
- ↑ Karl J. Franklin and C. L. Voorhoeve. 1973. Languages near the intersection of the Gulf, Southern Highlands and Western Districts. In Karl J. Franklin (ed.), The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea, 149-186. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ New Guinea World, Trans-Enga
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Foley, William A. (1986). The Papuan Languages of New Guinea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
