Английская Википедия:English language in Lebanon

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Шаблон:Short description

Graffiti reads: I heart Tripoli, with a drawn heart
English-language sign in Tripoli, Lebanon

English is a secondary language of Lebanon, with 40% of the population saying in 2011 that it can speak it non-natively.[1]

Most Lebanese people speak Lebanese Arabic, also known as Lebanese. English, however, is also used in Lebanon for a variety of functions, including oral and written communications, sometimes among speakers of Lebanese.[2] It is also used as a medium of instruction, especially in natural sciences and mathematics.

Many Lebanese words, such as CD, crispy, hot dog and film, have been borrowed from English, and some speakers code-switch between English, Lebanese, and French in a single conversation, such as in the common greeting "hi, Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration)? Шаблон:Lang?"

History

Obverse and reverse sides of 1,000-lira notes
The Lebanese lira is in Modern Standard Arabic on one side and French on the other

During the French rule over Lebanon from 1918 to 1946, the French language spread significantly in Lebanon[3] and the government often writes in French alongside Modern Standard Arabic (MSA).[2]

In addition, the use of English grew in Lebanon in the wake of American influence through oil and business interests in the Middle East.[4] In 1972, 54% of Lebanese people said they speak French or English, including 75% of Beirut residents. Of Beirut's bilingual population, 48.5% spoke French and 26% spoke English.[4]

Many of the Palestinians in Lebanon were also fluent in English.[4]Шаблон:Context inline

In 2011, 40% of Lebanon's population said that they spoke English non-natively.[1]

Social significance

The use of English in daily life of Lebanese people reflects a desire for "modernity, coolness, and hip culture".[2] It is also a reaction to the negativity associated with Arabic since the September 11 attacks.[2] Many businesses advertise in English.[2]

Impact on Lebanese Arabic

Borrowed words

Lebanese Arabic has borrowed many terms from English.

Examples of Lebanese words borrowed from English
Theme Some borrowed words[2]
General film, video clip, data, club, kilometer, kilogram, credit card, visa, bank
Shopping jeans, mall, T-shirt, boots, sandals, uggs, sale
Travel ticket, cruise, checkin, checkout, hotel, transit, boarding, gate
Sports football, goal, penalty, tennis, volleyball, basketball, gym, dunk
Technology internet, website, link, laptop, mouse, CD, disc, keyboard, hard drive, tablet, scanner, printer, phone, DVD
Food diet, hamburger, hot dog, ketchup, fries, mayonnaise, ranch, crispy, wings, coke, beer, ice cream, pub, café, cafeteria, snack

Additionally, some English verbs have been borrowed and altered to follow the syntax of Levantine Arabic. For example, shayyik comes from the English word check, and sayyiv comes from the English word save.[2]

Code-switching

Шаблон:See also

Файл:Maya Diab interview in Morocco - Oct 28, 2017.webm
Maya Diab code-switches from Lebanese to English mid-sentence

Code-switching (alternating between languages in a single conversation) between Lebanese, French, English,[5] and MSA is so common in Lebanon, often being done in both casual situations and formal situations like TV interviews.[6] This prevalence of code-switching has led to phrases that naturally embed multiple linguistic codes being used in everyday language, like the typical greeting "hi, Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration)? Шаблон:Lang?", which combines English, Lebanese, and French.[7][8][3]

Education

In most schools and universities, MSA is considered secondary and is only taught as a subject.[9]

Schools

Photographed sign reads, "الثّانويّة الجعفريّة" "Jaafareya High School"
High school sign in Arabic and English

Between 1994 and 1997, the Council of Ministers passed a new National Language Curriculum that required schools to teach MSA while also using either English or French in natural sciences and mathematics.[2][10] In general, school students are exposed to two or three languages.[5]

In 2009, the Lebanese Education Ministry reported that the number of students learning French as a second language had fallen by over 10% while the number of students learning and using English keeps increasing.[11]

Higher education

The American University of Beirut (AUB) was founded in 1866, though English only overtook MSA as the main language of instruction from 1875 onwards.[2] Out of the 28 private universities that mushroomed between 1990 and 2021, 25 use English as a medium of instruction.[9]

Media

Шаблон:Expand section

The Daily Star (1952–2021) was an English-language newspaper in Lebanon.[2]

See also

References

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