Английская Википедия:English settlement of Belize
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use shortened footnotes Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Infobox historical event The Anglo-Saxon, English, or Baymen's settlement of Belize is traditionally thought to have been effected upon Peter Wallace's 1638 landing at the mouth of Haulover Creek. As this account lacks clear primary sources, however, scholarly discourse has tended to qualify, amend, or completely eschew said theory, giving rise to a myriad competing narratives of the English settling of Belize. Though none of the aforementioned have garnered widespread consensus, historical literature has tended to favour a circumspect account of a landing near Haulover sometime during the 1630s and 1660s, effected by logwood-seeking, haven-seeking, or shipwrecked buccaneers.
Prelude
Buccaneering
Шаблон:Blockquote In NovemberШаблон:NbndDecember 1544, a patax of 22 French corsairs, mates of a captain called Pedro Braques by the Spanish, were apprehended off the coast of colonial Honduras. Their arrival marked the beginning of over three centuries of piracy in the Bay of Honduras.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Notetag French corsairs were (belatedly) followed into the Bay by Elizabethan Sea Dogs three decades later. The earliest of these is thought to have been either Sir Francis Drake in the Minion, or John Oxenham in the Beare, who during 23 February 1573 – 22 March 1573 cruised the Bay and watered at Guanaxa.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn English buccaneering activities in the Bay intensified in the ensuing decades.Шаблон:Citation needed Notably, during October 1577 – April 1578, an English pirate or privateer, called Francisco de Acles by the Spanish, with 60 men aboard two ships, sacked Puerto Caballos and Bacalar, possibly marking the earliest entrance of such sea dogs into Bacalar's [ie present-day Belize's] waters.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It is commonly thought that, upon the 1570s discovery of the intricate, secluded reefs, cayes, and coastline which characterised the waters of Bacalar, English buccaneers promptly opted to base their operations in this portion of the Bay, it affording them safe haven and quick access to Spanish ports.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Smuggling
Prior to 1630, Spanish smuggling with Anglo-Dutch pirate-merchants at ports in the Bay of Honduras is thought to have 'amounted to little more than evasion of duties and taxes,' with typical cases described as 'not spectacular.'Шаблон:Sfn However – Шаблон:Blockquote Consequently, post-1630 smuggling in the Bay is thought to have been 'sporadic but fairly frequent,' especially in indigo and logwood, 'large quantities' of which [illicitly] found their way to non-Spanish markets.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Logging
The earliest logwood cutting near the Bay of Honduras is commonly dated to 1562, and attributed to the Spanish conquistador Marcos de Ayala Trujeque of Valladolid, Yucatan.Шаблон:Sfn By the 1570s, Yucatanese encomenderos were shipping to Spain some 200 tonnes of logwood per annum, principally via Campeachy.Шаблон:Sfn During this same decade, English pirates, privateers, or buccaneers are thought to have first recognised the commercial value of logwood, and consequently, to have increasingly sought it as prize.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Notetag
It is uncertain when and where exactly English pirates or buccaneers first began surreptitiously cutting logwood, as opposed to merely seizing Spanish-cut logwood.Шаблон:Citation needed Proposals range geographically from Campeachy to Belize, and temporally from 1599 to 1670.Шаблон:Notetag
English settlement
The earliest English settlement near the Bay is thought to have been Old Providence.Шаблон:Citation needed Anglo-Dutch buccaneers are known to have watered or camped in the island, and Cape Gracias a Dios, since at least 1616.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Notetag English presence intensified shortly upon the 4 December 1630 chartering of the Old Providence Company.Шаблон:Sfn In 1631, Anthony Hilton's settlement in Tortuga was made a dependency of the Company.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 1633, Sussex Cammock established a trading post in Cape Gracias a Dios for Old Providence.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn By 29 January 1636, the Company was granted letters of reprisal against the Spanish.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Notetag On 8 June 1638, the Company granted William Claiborne letters patent to settle Roatan.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn And shortly after 17 May 1641, Old Providence refugees are thought to have established themselves at Cape Gracias a Dios or Roatan.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Maya revolt
Шаблон:Main The 1638 Tipu rebellion against Bacalar, possibly (indirectly) aided by piratical raids of coastal and riverine Maya hamlets in that district, is thought to have significantly eroded Spanish dominion and presence in Bacalar's waters.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Incident
In tradition
Belize is traditionally held to have been among the first English settlements in the Bay of Honduras, along with Roatan.Шаблон:Citation needed It is commonly thought to have been settled by Peter Wallace and his crew of 80 buccaneers, aboard the Swallow, in 1638.Шаблон:Citation needed No records of this landing have been discovered, however, and it is commonly thought that none are extant, or that the story is apocryphal.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In scholarship
Шаблон:Blockquote Шаблон:Blockquote The traditional story of the English settlement of Belize is the most commonly given account in scholarly literature, though historians often qualify it, given the lack of primary sources.Шаблон:Citation neededШаблон:Notetag A variety of competing accounts have been proffered since the 18th century, none of which have gained widespread scholarly favour.Шаблон:Citation needed Despite this, most scholarly accounts seem to favour a second- or third-quarter-of-the-17th century date, with responsibility attributed to pirate's-haven-seeking, logwood-seeking, or shipwrecked buccaneers.Шаблон:Citation needed
Шаблон:Abbr | Шаблон:Abbr | Шаблон:Abbr | Date | Settled | Cause | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1603 | 1607 | late 1603 / c. est. of Hond. flotilla | Wallace | settle | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
2 | 1605 | 1615 | c. 1610 | Wallace | settle | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
3 | 1613 | 1641 | prior to / c. Fuensalida misiones | the British | log | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
4 | 1617 | 1617 | – | Wallace | ? | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
5 | 1617 | 1652 | prior to Bacalar sacking | the English | ? | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
6 | 1629 | 1635 | c. est. of Providence | Earl of Warwick's privateers / Providence Puritans | haven / farm | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
7 | 1630 | 1670 | mid-17th cent. | Wallace | settle | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
8 | 1630 | 1670 | prior to Treaty | the British | ? | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
9 | 1634 | 1668 | in sec. third of 17th cent. | Wallace | ? | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
10 | 1638 | 1638 | – | a few British subjects | wreck | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
11 | 1638 | 1638 | – | Wallace | wreck | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
12 | 1640 | 1640 | – | Wallace | wreck | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
13 | 1642 | 1658 | during Cromwell govt. | the English | haven | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
14 | 1642 | 1680 | after Bacalar sacking / after Truxillo sacking / after logging Tris | the British | haven / log | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
15 | 1650 | 1685 | in sec. half of 17th cent. / prior to early 1680s | the English | – | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
16 | 1655 | 1680 | after Jam. invasion / after logging Tris | Jamaicans | log | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
17 | 1658 | 1668 | c. 1663 | Wallace | log | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
18 | 1662 | 1670 | – | Wallace | log | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
19 | 1662 | 1680 | after logging Catoche / after logging Tris | Jamaicans | log | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
20 | 1667 | 1680 | shortly after Treaty | Wallace | ? | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
21 | 1667 | 1700 | in last third of 17th cent. | the English | ? | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
22 | 1701 | 1734 | early 18th cent. | the English | haven | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
23 | 1717 | 1717 | after logging Tris | Wallace | haven / log | Шаблон:Smalldiv |
Notes and references
Explanatory footnotes
Short citations
Full citations
Serials
- Шаблон:Cite news
- Шаблон:Cite news
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite news
- Шаблон:Cite news
Theses
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
Journals
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite ODNB
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
Шаблон:Refend Шаблон:British overseas territories Шаблон:Spanish Empire Шаблон:Pirates Шаблон:Authority control
развернутьПартнерские ресурсы |
---|
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- History of Belize
- 17th century in Belize
- Piracy in the Caribbean
- 17th-century pirates
- Caribbean pirates
- English pirates
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии