Английская Википедия:English settlement of Belize

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use shortened footnotes Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Infobox historical event The Anglo-Saxon, English, or Baymen's settlement of Belize is traditionally thought to have been effected upon Peter Wallace's 1638 landing at the mouth of Haulover Creek. As this account lacks clear primary sources, however, scholarly discourse has tended to qualify, amend, or completely eschew said theory, giving rise to a myriad competing narratives of the English settling of Belize. Though none of the aforementioned have garnered widespread consensus, historical literature has tended to favour a circumspect account of a landing near Haulover sometime during the 1630s and 1660s, effected by logwood-seeking, haven-seeking, or shipwrecked buccaneers.

Prelude

Buccaneering

Шаблон:Blockquote In NovemberШаблон:NbndDecember 1544, a patax of 22 French corsairs, mates of a captain called Pedro Braques by the Spanish, were apprehended off the coast of colonial Honduras. Their arrival marked the beginning of over three centuries of piracy in the Bay of Honduras.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Notetag French corsairs were (belatedly) followed into the Bay by Elizabethan Sea Dogs three decades later. The earliest of these is thought to have been either Sir Francis Drake in the Minion, or John Oxenham in the Beare, who during 23 February 1573 – 22 March 1573 cruised the Bay and watered at Guanaxa.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn English buccaneering activities in the Bay intensified in the ensuing decades.Шаблон:Citation needed Notably, during October 1577 – April 1578, an English pirate or privateer, called Francisco de Acles by the Spanish, with 60 men aboard two ships, sacked Puerto Caballos and Bacalar, possibly marking the earliest entrance of such sea dogs into Bacalar's [ie present-day Belize's] waters.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It is commonly thought that, upon the 1570s discovery of the intricate, secluded reefs, cayes, and coastline which characterised the waters of Bacalar, English buccaneers promptly opted to base their operations in this portion of the Bay, it affording them safe haven and quick access to Spanish ports.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Smuggling

Файл:A view of Truxillo, a city belonging to the Spaniards in the Bay of Honduras LCCN2003666724.png
A view of Truxillo Bay and city on the coast of Honduras Шаблон:Small

Prior to 1630, Spanish smuggling with Anglo-Dutch pirate-merchants at ports in the Bay of Honduras is thought to have 'amounted to little more than evasion of duties and taxes,' with typical cases described as 'not spectacular.'Шаблон:Sfn However – Шаблон:Blockquote Consequently, post-1630 smuggling in the Bay is thought to have been 'sporadic but fairly frequent,' especially in indigo and logwood, 'large quantities' of which [illicitly] found their way to non-Spanish markets.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Logging

Файл:NaturalhistoryCc1v2Cate 0207.jpg
Lacertus [et] Lignum Camp. Шаблон:Small

The earliest logwood cutting near the Bay of Honduras is commonly dated to 1562, and attributed to the Spanish conquistador Marcos de Ayala Trujeque of Valladolid, Yucatan.Шаблон:Sfn By the 1570s, Yucatanese encomenderos were shipping to Spain some 200 tonnes of logwood per annum, principally via Campeachy.Шаблон:Sfn During this same decade, English pirates, privateers, or buccaneers are thought to have first recognised the commercial value of logwood, and consequently, to have increasingly sought it as prize.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Notetag

It is uncertain when and where exactly English pirates or buccaneers first began surreptitiously cutting logwood, as opposed to merely seizing Spanish-cut logwood.Шаблон:Citation needed Proposals range geographically from Campeachy to Belize, and temporally from 1599 to 1670.Шаблон:Notetag

English settlement

The earliest English settlement near the Bay is thought to have been Old Providence.Шаблон:Citation needed Anglo-Dutch buccaneers are known to have watered or camped in the island, and Cape Gracias a Dios, since at least 1616.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Notetag English presence intensified shortly upon the 4 December 1630 chartering of the Old Providence Company.Шаблон:Sfn In 1631, Anthony Hilton's settlement in Tortuga was made a dependency of the Company.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 1633, Sussex Cammock established a trading post in Cape Gracias a Dios for Old Providence.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn By 29 January 1636, the Company was granted letters of reprisal against the Spanish.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Notetag On 8 June 1638, the Company granted William Claiborne letters patent to settle Roatan.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn And shortly after 17 May 1641, Old Providence refugees are thought to have established themselves at Cape Gracias a Dios or Roatan.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Maya revolt

Шаблон:Main The 1638 Tipu rebellion against Bacalar, possibly (indirectly) aided by piratical raids of coastal and riverine Maya hamlets in that district, is thought to have significantly eroded Spanish dominion and presence in Bacalar's waters.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Incident

In tradition

Belize is traditionally held to have been among the first English settlements in the Bay of Honduras, along with Roatan.Шаблон:Citation needed It is commonly thought to have been settled by Peter Wallace and his crew of 80 buccaneers, aboard the Swallow, in 1638.Шаблон:Citation needed No records of this landing have been discovered, however, and it is commonly thought that none are extant, or that the story is apocryphal.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

In scholarship

Шаблон:Blockquote Шаблон:Blockquote The traditional story of the English settlement of Belize is the most commonly given account in scholarly literature, though historians often qualify it, given the lack of primary sources.Шаблон:Citation neededШаблон:Notetag A variety of competing accounts have been proffered since the 18th century, none of which have gained widespread scholarly favour.Шаблон:Citation needed Despite this, most scholarly accounts seem to favour a second- or third-quarter-of-the-17th century date, with responsibility attributed to pirate's-haven-seeking, logwood-seeking, or shipwrecked buccaneers.Шаблон:Citation needed

Comparison of 18th- to 21st-century theories regarding the earliest English settlement in present-day Belize.Шаблон:Notetag
Шаблон:Abbr Шаблон:Abbr Шаблон:Abbr Date Settled Cause Notes
1 1603 1607 late 1603 / c. est. of Hond. flotilla Wallace settle Шаблон:Smalldiv
2 1605 1615 c. 1610 Wallace settle Шаблон:Smalldiv
3 1613 1641 prior to / c. Fuensalida misiones the British log Шаблон:Smalldiv
4 1617 1617 Wallace ? Шаблон:Smalldiv
5 1617 1652 prior to Bacalar sacking the English ? Шаблон:Smalldiv
6 1629 1635 c. est. of Providence Earl of Warwick's privateers / Providence Puritans haven / farm Шаблон:Smalldiv
7 1630 1670 mid-17th cent. Wallace settle Шаблон:Smalldiv
8 1630 1670 prior to Treaty the British ? Шаблон:Smalldiv
9 1634 1668 in sec. third of 17th cent. Wallace ? Шаблон:Smalldiv
10 1638 1638 a few British subjects wreck Шаблон:Smalldiv
11 1638 1638 Wallace wreck Шаблон:Smalldiv
12 1640 1640 Wallace wreck Шаблон:Smalldiv
13 1642 1658 during Cromwell govt. the English haven Шаблон:Smalldiv
14 1642 1680 after Bacalar sacking / after Truxillo sacking / after logging Tris the British haven / log Шаблон:Smalldiv
15 1650 1685 in sec. half of 17th cent. / prior to early 1680s the English Шаблон:Smalldiv
16 1655 1680 after Jam. invasion / after logging Tris Jamaicans log Шаблон:Smalldiv
17 1658 1668 c. 1663 Wallace log Шаблон:Smalldiv
18 1662 1670 Wallace log Шаблон:Smalldiv
19 1662 1680 after logging Catoche / after logging Tris Jamaicans log Шаблон:Smalldiv
20 1667 1680 shortly after Treaty Wallace ? Шаблон:Smalldiv
21 1667 1700 in last third of 17th cent. the English ? Шаблон:Smalldiv
22 1701 1734 early 18th cent. the English haven Шаблон:Smalldiv
23 1717 1717 after logging Tris Wallace haven / log Шаблон:Smalldiv

Notes and references

Explanatory footnotes

Шаблон:Notefoot

Short citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Full citations

Шаблон:Refbegin

Serials

  1. Шаблон:Cite news
  2. Шаблон:Cite news
  3. Шаблон:Cite book
  4. Шаблон:Cite book
  5. Шаблон:Cite book
  6. Шаблон:Cite book
  7. Шаблон:Cite book
  8. Шаблон:Cite book
  9. Шаблон:Cite book
  10. Шаблон:Cite news
  11. Шаблон:Cite news

Theses

  1. Шаблон:Cite thesis
  2. Шаблон:Cite thesis
  3. Шаблон:Cite thesis
  4. Шаблон:Cite thesis
  5. Шаблон:Cite thesis
  6. Шаблон:Cite thesis
  7. Шаблон:Cite thesis
  8. Шаблон:Cite thesis

Journals

  1. Шаблон:Cite journal
  2. Шаблон:Cite journal
  3. Шаблон:Cite journal
  4. Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. Шаблон:Cite journal
  6. Шаблон:Cite journal
  7. Шаблон:Cite journal
  8. Шаблон:Cite journal
  9. Шаблон:Cite journal
  10. Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. Шаблон:Cite journal
  12. Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. Шаблон:Cite journal
  14. Шаблон:Cite journal
  15. Шаблон:Cite journal
  16. Шаблон:Cite journal
  17. Шаблон:Cite journal
  18. Шаблон:Cite journal
  19. Шаблон:Cite journal
  20. Шаблон:Cite journal
  21. Шаблон:Cite journal
  22. Шаблон:Cite journal

Print

  1. Шаблон:Cite book
  2. Шаблон:Cite book
  3. Шаблон:Cite book
  4. Шаблон:Cite book
  5. Шаблон:Cite book
  6. Шаблон:Cite book
  7. Шаблон:Cite book
  8. Шаблон:Cite book
  9. Шаблон:Cite book
  10. Шаблон:Cite book
  11. Шаблон:Cite book
  12. Шаблон:Cite book
  13. Шаблон:Cite book
  14. Шаблон:Cite book
  15. Шаблон:Cite book
  16. Шаблон:Cite book
  17. Шаблон:Cite book
  18. Шаблон:Cite book
  19. Шаблон:Cite book
  20. Шаблон:Cite book
  21. Шаблон:Cite book
  22. Шаблон:Cite book
  23. Шаблон:Cite book
  24. Шаблон:Cite book
  25. Шаблон:Cite book
  26. Шаблон:Cite book
  27. Шаблон:Cite book
  28. Шаблон:Cite book
  29. Шаблон:Cite book
  30. Шаблон:Cite book
  31. Шаблон:Cite book
  32. Шаблон:Cite book
  33. Шаблон:Cite book
  34. Шаблон:Cite book
  35. Шаблон:Cite book
  36. Шаблон:Cite book
  37. Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  38. Шаблон:Cite book
  39. Шаблон:Cite book
  40. Шаблон:Cite book
  41. Шаблон:Cite book
  42. Шаблон:Cite book
  43. Шаблон:Cite book
  44. Шаблон:Cite book
  45. Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  46. Шаблон:Cite book
  47. Шаблон:Cite ODNB
  48. Шаблон:Cite book
  49. Шаблон:Cite book
  50. Шаблон:Cite book
  51. Шаблон:Cite book
  52. Шаблон:Cite book
  53. Шаблон:Cite book
  54. Шаблон:Cite book
  55. Шаблон:Cite book
  56. Шаблон:Cite book
  57. Шаблон:Cite book
  58. Шаблон:Cite book
  59. Шаблон:Cite book
  60. Шаблон:Cite book
  61. Шаблон:Cite book
  62. Шаблон:Cite book
  63. Шаблон:Cite book
  64. Шаблон:Cite book
  65. Шаблон:Cite book
  66. Шаблон:Cite book
  67. Шаблон:Cite book
  68. Шаблон:Cite book
  69. Шаблон:Cite book
  70. Шаблон:Cite book
  71. Шаблон:Cite book
  72. Шаблон:Cite book
  73. Шаблон:Cite book
  74. Шаблон:Cite book
  75. Шаблон:Cite book
  76. Шаблон:Cite book
  77. Шаблон:Cite web
  78. Шаблон:Cite book
  79. Шаблон:Cite book
  80. Шаблон:Cite book
  81. Шаблон:Cite book
  82. Шаблон:Cite book

Шаблон:Refend Шаблон:British overseas territories Шаблон:Spanish Empire Шаблон:Pirates Шаблон:Authority control