Английская Википедия:Enlightenment in Buddhism

The English term enlightenment is the Western translation of various Buddhist terms, most notably bodhi and vimutti. The abstract noun bodhi (Шаблон:IPAc-en; Sanskrit: बोधि; Pali: bodhi) means the knowledge or wisdom, or awakened intellect, of a Buddha.^{[web 1]} The verbal root budh- means "to awaken", and its literal meaning is closer to awakening. Although the term buddhi is also used in other Indian philosophies and traditions, its most common usage is in the context of Buddhism. Vimukti is the freedom from or release of the fetters and hindrances.

The term enlightenment was popularised in the Western world through the 19th-century translations of British philologist Max Müller. It has the Western connotation of general insight into transcendental truth or reality. The term is also being used to translate several other Buddhist terms and concepts, which are used to denote (initial) insight (prajna (Sanskrit), wu (Chinese), kensho and satori (Japanese));Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn knowledge (vidya); the "blowing out" (nirvana) of disturbing emotions and desires; and the attainment of supreme Buddhahood (samyak sam bodhi), as exemplified by Gautama Buddha.

What exactly constituted the Buddha's awakening is unknown. It may have involved the knowledge that liberation was attained by the combination of mindfulness and dhyāna, applied to the understanding of the arising and ceasing of craving. The relation between dhyana and insight is a core problem in the study of Buddhism, and is one of the fundamentals of Buddhist practice.

Etymology

Bodhi, Sanskrit बोधि,^{[web 2]} "awakening,"Шаблон:Sfn "perfect knowledge,"^{[web 2]} "perfect knowledge or wisdom (by which a man becomes a बुद्ध [Buddha^{[web 3]}] or जिन [jina, arahant; "victorious," "victor"^{[web 4]}], the illuminated or enlightened intellect (of a Buddha or जिन)."^{[web 1]}

The word Bodhi is an abstract noun, formed from the verbal root *budh-,Шаблон:Sfn Sanskrit बुध,^{[web 3]}^{[web 5]} "to awaken, to know,"Шаблон:Sfn "to wake, wake up, be awake,"^{[web 5]} "to recover consciousness (after a swoon),"^{[web 5]} "to observe, heed, attend to."^{[web 5]}

It corresponds to the verbs bujjhati (Pāli) and bodhati, बोदति, "become or be aware of, perceive, learn, know, understand, awake"^{[web 6]} or budhyate (Sanskrit).

The feminine Sanskrit noun of *budh- is बुद्धि, buddhi, "prescience, intuition, perception, point of view."^{[web 3]}

Translation

Robert S. Cohen notes that the majority of English books on Buddhism use the term "enlightenment" to translate the term bodhi.Шаблон:Sfn The root budh, from which both bodhi and Buddha are derived, means "to wake up" or "to recover consciousness".Шаблон:Sfn Cohen notes that bodhi is not the result of an illumination, but of a path of realization, or coming to understanding.Шаблон:Sfn The term "enlightenment" is event-oriented, whereas the term "awakening" is process-oriented.Шаблон:Sfn The western use of the term "enlighten" has Christian roots, as in Calvin's "It is God alone who enlightens our minds to perceive his truths".Шаблон:Sfn

Early 19th-century bodhi was translated as "intelligence".Шаблон:Sfn The term "enlighten" was first being used in 1835, in an English translation of a French article,Шаблон:Sfn while the first recorded use of the term 'enlightenment' is credited (by the Oxford English Dictionary) to the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (February 1836). In 1857 The Times used the term "the Enlightened" for the Buddha in a short article, which was reprinted the following year by Max Müller.Шаблон:Sfn Thereafter, the use of the term subsided, but reappeared with the publication of Max Müller's Chips from a german Workshop, which included a reprint from the Times-article. The book was translated in 1969 into German, using the term "der Erleuchtete".Шаблон:Sfn Max Müller was an essentialist, who believed in a natural religion, and saw religion as an inherent capacity of human beings.Шаблон:Sfn "Enlightenment" was a means to capture natural religious truths, as distinguished from mere mythology.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Refn

By the mid-1870s it had become commonplace to call the Buddha "enlightened", and by the end of the 1880s the terms "enlightened" and "enlightenment" dominated the English literature.Шаблон:Sfn

Related terms

Insight

Bodhi

Шаблон:Redirect

While the Buddhist tradition regards bodhi as referring to full and complete liberation (samyaksambudh), it also has the more modest meaning of knowing that the path that is being followed leads to the desired goal. According to Johannes Bronkhorst,Шаблон:Sfn Tillman Vetter,Шаблон:Sfn and K.R. Norman,Шаблон:Sfn bodhi was at first not specified. K.R. Norman: Шаблон:Blockquote

According to Norman, bodhi may basically have meant the knowledge that nibbana was attained,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn due to the practice of dhyana.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Originally only "prajna" may have been mentioned,Шаблон:Sfn and Tillman Vetter even concludes that originally dhyana itself was deemed liberating, with the stilling of pleasure or pain in the fourth jhana, not the gaining of some perfect wisdom or insight.Шаблон:Sfn Gombrich also argues that the emphasis on insight is a later development.Шаблон:Sfn

In Theravada Buddhism, bodhi refers to the realisation of the four stages of enlightenment and becoming an Arahant.Шаблон:Sfn In Theravada Buddhism, bodhi is equal to supreme insight, and the realisation of the four noble truths, which leads to deliverance.Шаблон:Sfn According to Nyanatiloka, Шаблон:Blockquote

This equation of bodhi with the four noble truths is a later development, in response to developments within Indian religious thought, where "liberating insight" was deemed essential for Liberation.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The four noble truths as the liberating insight of the Buddha eventually were superseded by Pratītyasamutpāda, the twelvefold chain of causation, and still later by anatta, the emptiness of the self.Шаблон:Sfn

In Mahayana Buddhism, bodhi is equal to prajna, insight into the Buddha-nature, sunyata and tathatā.Шаблон:Sfn This is equal to the realisation of the non-duality of absolute and relative.Шаблон:Sfn

Prajna

Шаблон:Main

In Theravada Buddhism pannā (Pali) means "understanding", "wisdom", "insight".Шаблон:Sfn "Insight" is equivalent to vipassana, insight into the three marks of existence, namely anicca, dukkha and anatta.Шаблон:Sfn Insight leads to the four stages of enlightenment and Nirvana.Шаблон:Sfn

In Mahayana Buddhism Prajna (Sanskrit) means "insight" or "wisdom", and entails insight into sunyata. The attainment of this insight is often seen as the attainment of "enlightenment".Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Request quotation

Wu, kensho and satori

wu is the Chinese term for initial insight.Шаблон:Sfn Kensho and Satori are Japanese terms used in Zen traditions. Kensho means "seeing into one's true nature." Ken means "seeing", sho means "nature", "essence",Шаблон:Sfn c.q Buddha-nature. Satori (Japanese) is often used interchangeably with kensho, but refers to the experience of kensho.Шаблон:Sfn The Rinzai tradition sees kensho as essential to the attainment of Buddhahood, but considers further practice essential to attain Buddhahood.

East-Asian (Chinese) Buddhism emphasizes insight into Buddha-nature. This term is derived from Indian tathagata-garbha thought, "the womb of the thus-gone" (the Buddha), the inherent potential of every sentient being to become a Buddha. This idea was integrated with the Yogacara-idea of the ālaya vijñāna, and further developed in Chinese Buddhism, which integrated Indian Buddhism with native Chinese thought. Buddha-nature came to mean both the potential of awakening and the whole of reality, a dynamic interpenetration of absolute and relative. In this awakening it is realized that observer and observed are not distinct entities, but mutually co-dependent.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Knowledge

The term vidhya is being used in contrast to avidhya, ignorance or the lack of knowledge, which binds us to samsara. The Mahasaccaka SuttaШаблон:Refn describes the three knowledges which the Buddha attained:Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Insight into his past lives
Insight into the workings of Karma and Reincarnation
Insight into the Four Noble Truths

According to Bronkhorst, the first two knowledges are later additions, while insight into the four truths represents a later development, in response to concurring religious traditions, in which "liberating insight" came to be stressed over the practice of dhyana.Шаблон:Sfn

Freedom

Vimukthi, also called moksha, means "freedom",Шаблон:Sfn "release",Шаблон:Sfn^{[web 7]} "deliverance".Шаблон:Sfn Sometimes a distinction is being made between ceto-vimukthi, "liberation of the mind", and panna-vimukthi, "liberation by understanding".Шаблон:Sfn The Buddhist tradition recognises two kinds of ceto-vimukthi, one temporarily and one permanent, the last being equivalent to panna-vimukthi.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Refn

Yogacara uses the term āśraya parāvŗtti, "revolution of the basis",Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Blockquote

Nirvana

Nirvana is the "blowing out" of disturbing emotions, which is the same as liberation.^{[web 8]} The usage of the term "enlightenment" to translate "nirvana" was popularized in the 19th century, in part, due to the efforts of Max Müller, who used the term consistently in his translations.Шаблон:Sfn

Buddha's awakening

Buddhahood

There are three recognized types of Buddha:Шаблон:Sfn

Arhat (Pali: arahant), those who reach Nirvana by following the teachings of the Buddha.Шаблон:Sfn Sometimes the term Śrāvakabuddha (Pali: sāvakabuddha) is used to designate this kind of awakened person;Шаблон:Citation needed
Pratyekabuddhas (Pali: paccekabuddha), those who reach Nirvana through self-realisation, without the aid of spiritual guides and teachers, but don't teach the Dharma;Шаблон:Sfn
Samyaksambuddha (Pali: samma sambuddha), often simply referred to as Buddha, one who has reached Nirvana by his own efforts and wisdom and teaches it skillfully to others.Шаблон:Sfn

Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, is said to have achieved full awakening, known as samyaksaṃbodhi (Sanskrit; Pāli: sammāsaṃbodhi), "perfect Buddhahood", or anuttarā-samyak-saṃbodhi, "highest perfect awakening".Шаблон:Sfn Specifically, anuttarā-samyak-saṃbodhi, literally meaning unsurpassed, complete and perfect enlightenment, is often used to distinguish the enlightenment of a Buddha from that of an Arhat.

The term Buddha and the way to Buddhahood is understood somewhat differently in the various Buddhist traditions. An equivalent term for Buddha is Tathāgata, "the thus-gone".

The awakening of the Buddha

Canonical accounts

In the suttapitaka, the Buddhist canon as preserved in the Theravada tradition, a couple of texts can be found in which the Buddha's attainment of liberation forms part of the narrative.Шаблон:Sfn^[1]Шаблон:Refn

The Ariyapariyesana Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26) describes how the Buddha was dissatisfied with the teachings of Āḷāra Kālāma and Uddaka Rāmaputta, wandered further through Magadhan country, and then found "an agreeable piece of ground" which served for striving. The sutta then only says that he attained Nibbana.Шаблон:Sfn

In the Vanapattha Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 17)Шаблон:Sfn the Buddha describes life in the jungle, and the attainment of awakening. The Mahasaccaka Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 36) describes his ascetic practices, which he abandoned. Thereafter he remembered a spontaneous state of jhana, and set out for jhana-practice. Both suttas narrate how, after destroying the disturbances of the mind, and attaining concentration of the mind, he attained three knowledges (vidhya):Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Insight into his past lives
Insight into the workings of Karma and Reincarnation
Insight into the Four Noble Truths

Insight into the Four Noble Truths is here called awakening.Шаблон:Sfn The monk (bhikkhu) has "...attained the unattained supreme security from bondage."Шаблон:Sfn Awakening is also described as synonymous with Nirvana, the extinction of the passions whereby suffering is ended and no more rebirths take place.Шаблон:Sfn The insight arises that this liberation is certain: "Knowledge arose in me, and insight: my freedom is certain, this is my last birth, now there is no rebirth."Шаблон:Sfn

Critical assessment

SchmithausenШаблон:Refn notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Bronkhorst notices that Шаблон:Blockquote

It calls in question the reliability of these accounts, and the relation between dhyana and insight, which is a core problem in the study of early Buddhism.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Originally the term prajna may have been used, which came to be replaced by the four truths in those texts where "liberating insight" was preceded by the four jhanas.Шаблон:Sfn Bronkhorst also notices that the conception of what exactly this "liberating insight" was developed throughout time. Whereas originally it may not have been specified, later on the four truths served as such, to be superseded by pratityasamutpada, and still later, in the Hinayana schools, by the doctrine of the non-existence of a substantial self or person.Шаблон:Sfn And Schmithausen notices that still other descriptions of this "liberating insight" exist in the Buddhist canon: Шаблон:Blockquote

An example of this substitution, and its consequences, is Majjhima Nikaya 36:42–43, which gives an account of the awakening of the Buddha.Шаблон:Sfn

Understanding of bodhi and Buddhahood

The term bodhi acquired a variety of meanings and connotations during the development of Buddhist thoughts in the various schools.

Early Buddhism

Шаблон:Main

In early Buddhism, bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana, using only a few different metaphors to describe the insight, which implied the extinction of lobha (greed), dosa (hate) and moha (delusion).

Theravada

Шаблон:See also

In Theravada Buddhism, bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning: that of being freed from greed, hate and delusion. Bodhi, specifically, refers to the realisation of the four stages of enlightenment and becoming an Arahant.Шаблон:Sfn It is equal to supreme insight, the realisation of the four noble truths, which leads to deliverance.Шаблон:Sfn Reaching full awakening is equivalent in meaning to reaching Nirvāṇa.^{[web 9]} Attaining Nirvāṇa is the ultimate goal of Theravada and other śrāvaka traditions.^{[web 10]} It involves the abandonment of the ten fetters and the cessation of dukkha or suffering. Full awakening is reached in four stages. According to Nyanatiloka, Шаблон:Blockquote

Since the 1980s, western Theravada-oriented teachers have started to question the primacy of insight. According to Thanissaro Bhikkhu, jhana and vipassana (insight) form an integrated practice.Шаблон:Sfn Polak and Arbel, following scholars like Vetter and Bronkhorst, argue that right effort, c.q. the four right efforts (sense restraint, preventing the arising of unwholesome states, and the generation of wholesome states), mindfulness, and dhyana form an integrated practice, in which dhyana is the actualisation of insight, leading to an awakened awareness which is "non-reactive and lucid."Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Mahayana

Шаблон:Main

In Mahayana-thought, bodhi is the realisation of the inseparability of samsara and nirvana, and the unity of subject and object.Шаблон:Sfn Similar to prajna, the realizing of the Buddha-nature, bodhi realizes sunyata and suchness.Шаблон:Sfn In time, the Buddha's awakening came to be understood as an immediate full awakening and liberation, instead of the insight into and certainty about the way to follow to reach enlightenment. In some Zen traditions, however, this perfection came to be relativized again; according to one contemporary Zen master, "Shakyamuni buddha and Bodhidharma are still practicing."Шаблон:Sfn

Mahayana discerns three forms of awakened beings:Шаблон:Sfn

Arahat – Liberation for oneself;Шаблон:Refn
Bodhisattva – Liberation for living beings;
Full Buddhahood.

Within the various Mahayana-schools exist various further explanations and interpretations.Шаблон:Sfn In Mahāyāna Buddhism, the Bodhisattva is the ideal. The ultimate goal is not only of one's own liberation in Buddhahood, but the liberation of all living beings. The cosmology of Mahayana Buddhism regards a wide range of buddhas and bodhisattvas, who assist humans on their way to liberation.

Nichiren Buddhism, a branch of Mahayana Buddhism, regards Buddhahood as a state of perfect freedom, in which one is awakened to the eternal and ultimate truth that is the reality of all things. This supreme state of life is characterized by boundless wisdom and infinite compassion. The Lotus Sutra reveals that Buddhahood is a potential in the lives of all beings.^{[web 11]}

Buddha-nature

In the Tathagatagarbha and Buddha-nature doctrines, bodhi becomes equivalent to the universal, natural and pure state of the mind: Шаблон:Blockquote

According to these doctrines, bodhi eternally exists within one's mind, although requiring the mind's defilements to be removed. This vision is expounded in texts such as the Shurangama Sutra and the Uttaratantra.

In Shingon Buddhism as well, the state of Bodhi is regarded as naturally inherent in the mind. Bodhi is the mind's natural and pure state, where no distinction is being made between a perceiving subject and perceived objects. This is also the understanding of Bodhi found in Yogacara Buddhism.

To achieve this vision of non-duality, it is necessary to recognise one's own mind: Шаблон:Blockquote

Vajrayana

During the development of Mahayana Buddhism, the various strands of thought on Bodhi were continuously being elaborated. Attempts were made to harmonize the various terms.

The Vajrayana Buddhist commentator Buddhaguhya treats various terms as synonyms: Шаблон:Blockquote

Bodhi Day

Sakyamuni's awakening is celebrated on Bodhi Day. In Sri Lanka and Japan, different days are used for this celebration. According to the Theravada tradition in Sri Lanka, Sakyamuni reached Buddhahood at the full moon in May. This is celebrated at Vesākha Pūjā, the full moon in May, known as Sambuddhatva jayanthi (or Sambuddha jayanthi).^{[web 12]}

References

Web references

Шаблон:Reflist

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Английская Википедия:Enlightenment in Buddhism

Содержание

Etymology

Translation

Related terms

Insight

Bodhi

Prajna

Wu, kensho and satori

Knowledge

Freedom

Nirvana

Buddha's awakening

Buddhahood

The awakening of the Buddha

Canonical accounts

Critical assessment

Understanding of bodhi and Buddhahood

Early Buddhism

Theravada

Mahayana

Buddha-nature

Vajrayana

Bodhi Day

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Works cited

Further reading

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