Английская Википедия:Ennugi

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox deity Ennugi (Шаблон:Lang) was a Mesopotamian god associated with agriculture, especially irrigation, and with the underworld. According to an incantation he was also considered to be the creator of grubs. He was considered a member of the court of Enlil, and appears in god lists alongside its other members, such as Ninimma and Kusu. He was worshiped in Nippur, where his temple Erabriri was most likely located. He is also mentioned in a number of myths, including Atra-Hasis and the Epic of Gilgamesh.

Character

Ennugi was associated with irrigation, though he was not the only Mesopotamian god responsible for it.Шаблон:Sfn His epithets highlight his agricultural character.Шаблон:Sfn He could be called the "lord of dike and ditch"Шаблон:Sfn or the "lord of the field and ploughmen."Шаблон:Sfn He is also mentioned in the text Lipit-Ishtar and the Plow as one of multiple deities partaking in fieldworks, the other ones being Ninurta, Lisin, Suen, Nuska and Ninamaškuga.Шаблон:Sfn

An incantation states that Ennugi was the creator of grubs.Шаблон:Sfn Other mythical figures who could be credited with the creation of various similar living beings were Ninkilim and Alulu, a primordial king of Eridu.Шаблон:Sfn

Benjamin Foster argues that Ennugi was considered to be an underworld deity.Шаблон:Sfn According to Richard L. Litke, a folk etymology explaining his name as "lord of the (under)world; lord of no return" has been identified on the tablet CT 25 49.Шаблон:Sfn However, despite the similarity of the names he most likely was not the same deity as Ennugigi, who is attested in a number of sources, including the myth Nergal and Ereshkigal, as one of the gatekeepers of the underworld.Шаблон:Sfn

Associations with other deities

Ennugi belonged to the court of Enlil.Шаблон:Sfn He functioned as the guzalû of this god.Шаблон:Sfn This term is variously translated as "throne-bearer,"Шаблон:Sfn "chamberlain"Шаблон:Sfn or "herald."Шаблон:Sfn According to Manfred Krebernik, it might have been a position associated with judicial power.Шаблон:Sfn In a single text, he is also called Enlil's son.Шаблон:Sfn Andrew R. George notes that both in the god list An = Anum and in the Canonical Temple List, Ennugi appears alongside other courtiers of Enlil, after Ninimma and before Kusu, Ninšar, Ninkasi and Ninmada.Шаблон:Sfn In one case he is also identified with one of the sons of Enmesharra, presumably based on some shared aspect of their respective characters.Шаблон:Sfn

The goddess Nanibgal was regarded as Ennugi's wife.Шаблон:Sfn This theonym was often treated as an epithet or alternate name of Nisaba.Шаблон:Sfn However, at some point it came to designate a separate deity.Шаблон:Sfn In most god lists Nanibgal appears separately from Nisaba, which indicates they were understood as two separate deities, but there is presently no evidence that she was worshiped independently from the latter.Шаблон:Sfn She and Ennugi also appear separately from Nisaba and Haya in an incantation.Шаблон:Sfn Only a single example of a theophoric name invoking her, Ur-Nanibgal (an ensi of Nippur), is known.Шаблон:Sfn According to An = Anum, Nanibgal fulfilled the same role in Ninlil's court as Ennugi did in Enlil's.Шаблон:Sfn

In the incantation series Šurpu, Ennugi appears alongside Mandanu, a god regarded as the guzalû of Marduk.Шаблон:Sfn

The god Gā'u could be referred to as the shepherd of Ennugi, though he also appears in association with Suen.Шаблон:Sfn Richard L. Litke tentatively proposed that this might indicate the existence of a tradition in which his two masters were identified with each other on this basis.Шаблон:Sfn However, according to other authors this should be considered a "mere curiosity."Шаблон:Sfn Wilfred G. Lambert went as far as suggesting the reading "shepherd of Ennugi" might be erroneous.Шаблон:Sfn

Jeremy Black and Anthony Green proposed that Ennugi might have been considered analogous to Gugalanna, the husband of Ereshkigal, because the latter's name can be translated as "canal inspector of An."Шаблон:Sfn However, the use of the similar epithet gugallu to refer to Ennugi might be a scribal error.Шаблон:Sfn It is possible that in reality the term gallȗ is meant,Шаблон:Sfn in this context to be understood as a designation of an officer of the divine assembly.Шаблон:Sfn

Worship

It was formerly believed that Ennugi first appears in an offering list from the Ur III period,Шаблон:Sfn but according to Marcos Such-Gutiérrez a single theophoric name invoking him, Ur-Ennugi, is already present in a text from Adab from the Old Akkadian period.Шаблон:Sfn

Shulgi built a temple dedicated to Ennugi in Nippur,Шаблон:Sfn according to Douglas Frayne possibly to be identified with the Erabriri known from later sources, such as the Canonical Temple List.Шаблон:Sfn Andrew R. George notes that this ceremonial name can be translated as "house of the shackle which holds in check," and also concludes that it was likely located in Nippur.Шаблон:Sfn The temple of Mandanu in Babylon bore the same name, possibly due to him fulfilling an analogous position in the court of Marduk as Ennugi did in Enlil's.Шаблон:Sfn Another temple dedicated to him was the Erabšaša, "house which snaps the shackle," whose location is unknown.Шаблон:Sfn He is also attested in a brick inscription from Ur.Шаблон:Sfn

Mythology

Ennugi is briefly mentioned in Atra-Hasis.Шаблон:Sfn He also appears in the standard edition of the Epic of Gilgamesh as one of the gods who take on oath while they decide to cause the great flood.Шаблон:Sfn

In the incantation series Šurpu, Ennugi is implored to bind Asakku, which according to Wilfred G. Lambert reflects a tradition where he, rather than Ninurta, was responsible for vanquishing this demon.Шаблон:Sfn

A hymn to Nuska states that he was responsible for issuing orders to Ennugi.Шаблон:Sfn

References

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Bibliography

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