Английская Википедия:Ensifer meliloti

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Speciesbox

Ensifer meliloti (formerly Rhizobium meliloti and Sinorhizobium meliloti)[1] are an aerobic, Gram-negative, and diazotrophic species of bacteria. S. meliloti are motile and possess a cluster of peritrichous flagella.[2] S. meliloti fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia for their legume hosts, such as alfalfa. S. meliloti forms a symbiotic relationship with legumes from the genera Medicago, Melilotus and Trigonella, including the model legume Medicago truncatula. This symbiosis promotes the development of a plant organ, termed a root nodule. Because soil often contains a limited amount of nitrogen for plant use, the symbiotic relationship between S. meliloti and their legume hosts has agricultural applications.[3] These techniques reduce the need for inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers.[4]

Symbiosis

Файл:Indeterminate Nodule Zonation.JPG
Indeterminate nodule

Symbiosis between S. meliloti and its legume hosts begins when the plant secretes an array of betaines and flavonoids into the rhizosphere: 4,4′-dihydroxy-2′-methoxychalcone,[5] chrysoeriol,[6] cynaroside,[6] 4′,7-dihydroxyflavone,[5] 6′′-O-malonylononin,[7] liquiritigenin,[5] luteolin,[8] 3′,5-dimethoxyluteolin,[6] 5-methoxyluteolin,[6] medicarpin,[7] stachydrine,[9] and trigonelline.[9] These compounds attract S. meliloti to the surface of the root hairs of the plant where the bacteria begin secreting nod factors. This initiates root hair curling. The rhizobia then penetrate the root hairs and proliferate to form an infection thread. Through the infection thread, the bacteria move toward the main root. The bacteria develop into bacteroids within newly formed root nodules and perform nitrogen fixation for the plant. A S. meliloti bacterium does not perform nitrogen fixation until it differentiates into a endosymbiotic bacteroid. A bacteroid depends on the plant for survival.[10]

Leghemoglobin, produced by leguminous plants after colonization of S. meliloti, interacts with the free oxygen in the root nodule where the rhizobia reside. Rhizobia are contained within symbiosomes in the root nodules of leguminous plants. The leghemoglobin reduces the amount of free oxygen present. Oxygen disrupts the function of the nitrogenase enzyme in the rhizobia, which is responsible for nitrogen fixation.[11]

Genome

The S. meliloti genome contains four genes coding for flagellin. These include fliC1C2–fliC3C4.[2] The genome contains three replicons: a chromosome (~3.7 megabases), a chromid (pSymB; ~1.7 megabases), and a plasmid (pSymA; ~1.4 megabases). Individual strains may possess additional, accessory plasmids. Five S. meliloti genomes have been sequenced to date: Rm1021,[12] AK83,[13] BL225C,[13] Rm41,[14] and SM11[15] with 1021 considered to be the wild type. Indeterminate nodule symbiosis by S. meliloti is conferred by genes residing on pSymA.[16]

DNA repair

The proteins encoded by E. meliloti genes uvrA, uvrB and uvrC are employed in the repair of DNA damages by the process of nucleotide excision repair. E. meliloti is a desiccation tolerant bacterium. However, E. meliloti mutants defective in either genes uvrA, uvrB or uvrC are sensitive to desiccation, as well as to UV light.[17] This finding indicates that the desiccation tolerance of wild-type E. meliloti depends on the repair of DNA damages that can be caused by desiccation.

Bacteriophage

Файл:ΦM12 Plaques in Sinorhizobium meliloti.JPG
Plaques in S. meliloti caused by ΦM12.

Several bacteriophages that infect Sinorhizobium meliloti have been described:[18] Φ1,[19] Φ1A,[20] Φ2A,[20] Φ3A,[21] Φ4 (=ΦNM8),[22] Φ5t (=ΦNM3),[22] Φ6 (=ΦNM4),[22] Φ7 (=ΦNM9),[22] Φ7a,[19] Φ9 (=ΦCM2),[22] Φ11 (=ΦCM9),[22] Φ12 (=ΦCM6),[22] Φ13,[23] Φ16,[23] Φ16-3,[24] Φ16a,[23] Φ16B,[21] Φ27,[19] Φ32,[24] Φ36,[24] Φ38,[24] Φ43,[19] Φ70,[19] Φ72,[24] Φ111,[24] Φ143,[24] Φ145,[24] Φ147,[24] Φ151,[24] Φ152,[24] Φ160,[24] Φ161,[24] Φ166,[24] Φ2011,[25] ΦA3,[19] ΦA8,[19] ΦA161,[25] ΦAL1,[26] ΦCM1,[25] ΦCM3,[25] ΦCM4,[25] ΦCM5,[25] ΦCM7,[25] ΦCM8,[25] ΦCM20,[25] ΦCM21,[25] ΦDF2,[26] Φf2D,[26] ΦF4,[27] ΦFAR,[26] ΦFM1,[25] ΦK1,[28] ΦL1,[23] ΦL3,[23] ΦL5,[23] ΦL7,[23] ΦL10,[23] ΦL20,[23] ΦL21,[23] ΦL29,[23] ΦL31,[23] ΦL32,[23] ΦL53,[23] ΦL54,[23] ΦL55,[23] ΦL56,[23] ΦL57,[23] ΦL60,[23] ΦL61,[23] ΦL62,[23] ΦLO0,[26] ΦLS5B,[25] ΦM1,[18][29] ΦM1,[18][30] ΦM1-5,[25] ΦM2,[31] ΦM3,[19] ΦM4,[19] ΦM5,[18][19] [32] ΦM5 (=ΦF20),[18][29] ΦM5N1,[25] ΦM6,[29] ΦM7,[29] ΦM8,[31] ΦM9,[29] ΦM10,[29] ΦM11,[29] ΦM11S,[25] ΦM12,[29][33] ΦM14,[29] ΦM14S,[25] ΦM19,[34] ΦM20S,[25][35] ΦM23S,[25] ΦM26S,[25] ΦM27S,[25] ΦMl,[36] ΦMM1C,[25] ΦMM1H,[25] ΦMP1,[37] ΦMP2,[37] ΦMP3,[37] ΦMP4,[37] ΦN2,[19] ΦN3,[19] ΦN4,[19] ΦN9,[19] ΦNM1,[25][35] ΦNM2,[25][35] ΦNM6,[25][35] ΦNM7,[25][35] ΦP6,[27] ΦP10,[27] ΦP33,[27] ΦP45,[27] ΦPBC5,[38] ΦRm108,[39] ΦRmp26,[40] ΦRmp36,[40] ΦRmp38,[40] ΦRmp46,[40] ΦRmp50,[40] ΦRmp52,[40] ΦRmp61,[40] ΦRmp64,[40] ΦRmp67,[40] ΦRmp79,[40] ΦRmp80,[40] ΦRmp85,[40] ΦRmp86,[40] ΦRmp88,[40] ΦRmp90,[40] ΦRmp145,[40] ΦSP,[19] ΦSSSS304,[41] ΦSSSS305,[41] ΦSSSS307,[41] ΦSSSS308,[41] and ΦT1.[19] Of these, ΦM5,[32] ΦM12,[33] Φ16-3[42] and ΦPBC5[38] have been sequenced.

As of March 2020 the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has accepted the following species in its Master Species List 2019.v1 (#35):

  • Species: Sinorhizobium virus M7 (alias ΦM7)[29]
  • Species: Sinorhizobium virus M12 (alias DNA phage ΦM12, type species)[29]
  • Species: Sinorhizobium virus N3 (alias ΦN3)[19]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Further reading

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Шаблон:Taxonbar

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  14. ↑ The sequence hasn't been officially announced, but is available at NCBI: chromosome, pSymA, pSymB, and pRM41a.
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  17. ↑ Humann JL, Ziemkiewicz HT, Yurgel SN, Kahn ML. Regulatory and DNA repair genes contribute to the desiccation resistance of Sinorhizobium meliloti Rm1021. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Jan;75(2):446-53. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02207-08. Epub 2008 Nov 21. PMID 19028909; PMCID: PMC2620701
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 18,2 18,3 18,4 Systematic naming of bacteriophages is rarely followed in the scientific literature, and a variety of phages can share the same name. While there exists an RNA phage called ΦM12, which infects enterobacteria, it is not synonymous with the DNA phage ΦM12 listed here. The same may be true for other phages in this list. Within this list, two phages have independently been named ΦM5.
  19. ↑ 19,00 19,01 19,02 19,03 19,04 19,05 19,06 19,07 19,08 19,09 19,10 19,11 19,12 19,13 19,14 19,15 19,16 Шаблон:Cite journal
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 22,2 22,3 22,4 22,5 22,6 Шаблон:Cite journal and Шаблон:Cite journal
  23. ↑ 23,00 23,01 23,02 23,03 23,04 23,05 23,06 23,07 23,08 23,09 23,10 23,11 23,12 23,13 23,14 23,15 23,16 23,17 23,18 23,19 23,20 Шаблон:Cite journal Note that this article was reprinted in Plant and Soil (1971) 35 (1): 63—66, which is where the URL and doi direct to.
  24. ↑ 24,00 24,01 24,02 24,03 24,04 24,05 24,06 24,07 24,08 24,09 24,10 24,11 24,12 24,13 Шаблон:Cite journal
    The full genome of this phage is available at NCBI
  25. ↑ 25,00 25,01 25,02 25,03 25,04 25,05 25,06 25,07 25,08 25,09 25,10 25,11 25,12 25,13 25,14 25,15 25,16 25,17 25,18 25,19 25,20 25,21 25,22 25,23 25,24 25,25 Шаблон:Cite journal
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 26,3 26,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 27,3 27,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  29. ↑ 29,00 29,01 29,02 29,03 29,04 29,05 29,06 29,07 29,08 29,09 29,10 Шаблон:Cite journal
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  35. ↑ 35,0 35,1 35,2 35,3 35,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 37,2 37,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
  38. ↑ 38,0 38,1 This phage has never been formally reported in the scientific literature. However, the full genomic sequence has been uploaded to NCBI, available here.
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  40. ↑ 40,00 40,01 40,02 40,03 40,04 40,05 40,06 40,07 40,08 40,09 40,10 40,11 40,12 40,13 40,14 40,15 Шаблон:Cite journal
  41. ↑ 41,0 41,1 41,2 41,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
  42. ↑ Φ16-3 Complete Genome
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