Английская Википедия:Episteme
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses
In philosophy, Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang-grc; Шаблон:Lang-fr) is knowledge or understanding. The term epistemology (the branch of philosophy concerning knowledge) is derived from Шаблон:Transliteration.
History
Plato
Шаблон:Seealso Plato, following Xenophanes, contrasts Шаблон:Transliteration with Шаблон:Transliteration: common belief or opinion.[1] The term Шаблон:Transliteration is also distinguished from Шаблон:Transliteration: a craft or applied practice.[2] In the Protagoras, Plato's Socrates notes that Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration are prerequisites for prudence (Шаблон:Transliteration).
Aristotle
Aristotle distinguished between five virtues of thought: Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:Transliteration, and Шаблон:Transliteration, with Шаблон:Transliteration translating as "craft" or "art" and Шаблон:Transliteration as "knowledge".[3] A full account of Шаблон:Transliteration is given in Posterior Analytics, where Aristotle argues that knowledge of necessary, rather than contingent, truths regarding causation is foundational for Шаблон:Transliteration. To emphasize the necessity, he uses geometry. Notably, Aristotle uses the notion of cause (Шаблон:Transliteration) in a broader sense than contemporary thought. For example, understanding how geometrical axioms lead to a theorem about properties of triangles counts as understanding the cause of the proven property of the right triangle. As a result, Шаблон:Transliteration is a virtue of thought that deals with what cannot be otherwise, while Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration deal with what is contingent.[4]
Contemporary interpretations
Michel Foucault
For Foucault, an Шаблон:Lang is the guiding unconsciousness of subjectivity within a given epoch – subjective parameters which form an historical a priori.[5]Шаблон:Rp He uses the term Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-fr) in his The Order of Things, in a specialized sense to mean the historical, non-temporal, a priori knowledge that grounds truth and discourses, thus representing the condition of their possibility within a particular epoch. In the book, Foucault describes Шаблон:Lang:Шаблон:R
In any given culture and at any given moment, there is always only one Шаблон:Lang that defines the conditions of possibility of all knowledge, whether expressed in a theory or silently invested in a practice.
In subsequent writings, he makes it clear that several Шаблон:Lang may co-exist and interact at the same time, being parts of various power-knowledge systems.[6] Foucault attempts to demonstrate the constitutive limits of discourse, and in particular, the rules enabling their productivity; however, Foucault maintains that, though ideology may infiltrate and form science, it need not do so: it must be demonstrated how ideology actually forms the science in question; contradictions and lack of objectivity are not an indicator of ideology.[7] Jean Piaget has compared Foucault's use of Шаблон:Lang with Thomas Kuhn's notion of a paradigm.[8]
See also
References
Шаблон:Ancient Greek philosophical concepts Шаблон:Michel Foucault Шаблон:Philosophy topics Шаблон:Virtues
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