Английская Википедия:Eretna

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Ala al-Din Eretna (Old Anatolian Turkish: Шаблон:Lang; died February–August 1352)Шаблон:Efn was the first sultan of the Eretnids, reigning between 1343–1352 in central and eastern Anatolia. Initially an officer in the service of the Ilkhanate officer Chupan and his son Timurtash, Eretna migrated to Anatolia following Timurtash's appointment as the Ilkhanid governor of the region. He took part in Timurtash's campaigns to subdue the Turkoman chiefs of the western periphery of the peninsula. This was cut short by Timurtash's downfall, after which Eretna went into hiding. Upon the dissolution of the Ilkhanate, he aligned himself with the Jalayirid leader Hasan Buzurg, who eventually left Anatolia for Eretna to govern when he returned east to clash with the rival Chobanids and other Mongol lords. Eretna later sought recognition from Mamluk Egypt to consolidate his power, although later he played a delicate game of alternating his allegiance between the Mamluks and the Mongols. In 1343, he declared independence as the sultan of his domains. His reign was largely described to be prosperous, with his efforts to maintain order in his realm such that he became known as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lit).

Early life and background

The Ilkhanate emerged in West Asia under Hulagu Khan (Шаблон:Reign) as part of the division of the Mongol Empire that started with Möngke Khan's reign (Шаблон:Reign). After half a century, the death of the seventh Ilkhan, Ghazan (Шаблон:Reign), marked the height of the state, and while his brother Öljaitü (Шаблон:Reign) was capable of maintaining the empire, his conversion to Shiism sped up the impending fall and civil war in the region.Шаблон:Sfn Eretna's life coincided with this political turmoil, which would eventually make him an heir to parts of the Ilkhanid dominion.Шаблон:Sfn Of Uyghur stock,Шаблон:Sfnm Eretna was born to JafarШаблон:Sfn or Taiju Bakhshi, a trusted follower of the second Ilkhanid ruler Abaqa Khan (Шаблон:Reign), and his wife Tükälti.Шаблон:Sfn His name Eretna is popularly explained to have originated from the Sanskrit word Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) meaning 'jewel'.Шаблон:Sfnm This name was common among the Uyghurs following the spread of Buddhism,Шаблон:Sfn and Eretna may have come from Buddhist parentage.Шаблон:Sfn

The growing influence of Chupan, a Mongol general, who Eretna was likely serving at the time,Шаблон:Sfn prompted various commanders such as Qurumushi and Irinjin to conspire a revolt.Шаблон:Sfn Eretna's elder brothers, Emir Taramtaz and Suniktaz, also joined this revolt, possibly because Chupan refused to grant them important positions due to his Sunni belief that conflicted with the Shiite sect espoused by the brothers.Шаблон:Sfn In May–June 1319, the revolt was crushed near Zanjan River.Шаблон:Sfn The same year, Taramtaz and Suniktaz were executed by Ilkhan Abu Sa'id for joining the rebellion of Qurumushi and Irinjin.Шаблон:Sfn Eretna migrated to Anatolia following his brothers' deathsШаблон:Sfn and the appointment of his new master Timurtash as the Ilkhanid governor of the region by Abu Sa'idШаблон:Sfn and his father, Chupan.Шаблон:Sfn

Rise to power

Similar to other emirs, Eretna's master Timurtash eventually rebelled against the Ilkhanate in 1323,Шаблон:Sfn during which Eretna went into hiding.Шаблон:Sfn However, the Ilkhan's weak authority and the influence over the state of Timurtash's father, Chupan, led to the pardoning of Timurtash and the restoration of his position as the governor of Anatolia. He later led an extensive series of campaigns against the Turkoman emirates in Anatolia.Шаблон:Sfn Timurtash sent Eretna to seize control of Karahisar in August 1327.Шаблон:Sfn Eretna further manipulated the Konya-based Mevlevi dervish Ulu Arif Chelebi's son, Chelebi Abid, as a divine intermediary to subdue and gather the Turkoman commanders of the peripheral regions under the rule of Timurtash, who was proclaimed as a messiah (or mahdi) by himself and his supporters.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Upon the news of his brother Demasq Kaja's death on 24 August 1327, Timurtash retreated to Kayseri,Шаблон:Sfn and following his father's death, he fled to Mamluk Egypt in December while also planning to come into terms with Abu Sa'id.Шаблон:Sfn He was later killed on the orders of the Mamluk sultan.Шаблон:Sfn Fearing punishment during Timurtash's absence, Eretna took refuge in the court of Badr al-Din Beg of Karaman.Шаблон:Sfn Timurtash was replaced by Emir Muhammad from the Oirat tribe, who was the uncle of Abu Sa'id.Шаблон:Sfn

Eretna was later involved in a plot against the Ilkhan in 1334 but received a pardon and returned to Anatolia from the Ilkhanid court in Iran.Шаблон:Sfn With Abu Sa'id's death in 1335, the Ilkhanid period practically came to an end, leaving its place to continuous wars between several warlords from princely houses, namely the Chobanids and the Jalayirids.Шаблон:Sfn Back west, Eretna came under the suzerainty of the Jalayirid viceroy of Anatolia, Hasan BuzurgШаблон:Sfn but had already established his supremacy in the region to a considerable degree.Шаблон:Sfn

Hasan Buzurg left Eretna as his deputy in Anatolia when he departed east to oppose the Oirat chieftain Ali Padshah's attempt to occupy the Ilkhanid throne. Eretna was officially appointed as the governor of Anatolia by Hasan Buzurg following his victory against Ali Padshah.Шаблон:Sfn However, shortly after, in 1338, Hasan Kuchak (Шаблон:Reign) gained power in the former Ilkhanid domains in the east.Шаблон:Sfn Hasan Kuchak was the son of Timurtash and had effectively become the pretender to his father's legacy. He defeated the Jalayirids near Aladağ and pillaged Erzincan.Шаблон:Sfn

Due to constant upheavals in the east, Eretna started seeking the protection of a new and stronger regional power. An old rival to the Mongol Empire and its successors, the Mamluks had long aspired to secure their political presence up north in Anatolia. The arrival of Eretna's embassy in Cairo favored them in this regard so that he was confirmed as a Mamluk governor of Anatolia. On the contrary, Eretna did very little to uphold Mamluk sovereignty, minting coins on behalf of the new Chobanid puppet Suleiman Khan (Шаблон:Reign) in 1339. Thus, the Mamluks started viewing the rising Turkoman leader Zayn al-Din Qaraja of Dulkadir (Шаблон:Reign) more favorably. In 1338–9, Eretna lost Darende to Qaraja, who was continuing to enlarge his realm at the expense of Eretna. Having been robbed of the wealth he had stored in the latter city, Eretna confronted the Mamluk sultan, who brought up his failure to declare Mamluk sovereignty. In return, Eretna finally minted coins for the Mamluks in 1339–40. Despite the loss of Darende, Eretna was able to gain control of Konya from the Karamanids as well as Sivas at an unknown date.Шаблон:Sfn

Eretna's attempt to be on good terms with the Chobanids was hindered by Hasan Kuchak's capture of Erzurum and siege of Avnik. Eretna still insisted on his obedience to Suleiman Khan, although by 1341, he had gained enough power to be able to issue his coins in his own name.Шаблон:Sfn He first declared his independence in 1341 as it was when he first used the title sultan in his coins.Шаблон:Sfn Though, he did not hesitate to send his ambassadors to Cairo to secure Mamluk protection and his status as a na'ib (viceroy) amidst political turmoil within the Mamluks. This elicited a new expedition by Hasan Kuchak in Eretna's lands.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Choosing to stay in Tabriz, Hasan Kuchak dispatched his army to Anatolia under Suleiman Khan's command. This force included experienced commanders such as Abdul, the son of Bayanjar,Шаблон:Efn Yaqub Shah, and Qoch Hussain. Eretna promptly gathered an army of Mamluk forces, Mongols, and local Turks. The battle took place in the plain of Karanbük (between Sivas and Erzincan) in September–October 1343. Eretna initially faced defeat. While Suleiman Khan's forces were busy with looting and pursuing the remainder of enemy, Eretna hid behind a nearby hill and led a final attack when Suleiman Khan appeared with a small number of troops, with the rest of his forces disorganized. The Chobanid army disintegrated when Suleiman Khan fled the scene. Eretna's victory was unexpected for most actors in the region.Шаблон:Sfn This victory resulted in the Eretnid annexation of Erzincan and several cities further east, also marking the beginning of Eretna's independent reign.Шаблон:Sfn Fortunately for Eretna, Hasan Kuchak was murdered by his own wife, who feared the discovery of her extramarital affairs with Yaqub Shah, imprisoned by Hasan Kuchak for his alleged flaws at the Battle of Karanbük. This prevented any retaliation for Eretna's earlier victory.Шаблон:Sfn

Reign

After the battle and Hasan Kuchak's death, Eretna assumed the title sultan without any backlash, circulated coins in his name once more, and formally declared sovereignty as part of the Шаблон:Transl (sermon). He took the Шаблон:Transl (honorific nickname) Ala al-Din,Шаблон:Sfn which is attested in his coins and his contemporary Maghrebi traveller Ibn Battuta's Rihla, but he was also referred to as Sayf al-Din in his son Sheikh Hasan's epitaph.Шаблон:Sfn Eretna additionally expanded his borders beyond Erzurum.Шаблон:Sfn He faced a reduced number of threats to his rule in this period: Despite the intentions of the new Chobanid ruler Malek Ashraf (Шаблон:Reign) to wage a war against him, such an expedition never came to be. The political vacuum in Mamluk Egypt, following the death of Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad (1341; Шаблон:Reign), allowed Eretna to take Darende from the Mamluks. The Dulkadirid ruler Qaraja's focus in pillaging the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and tensions with the Mamluk emirs also made an attack from the south unlikely.Шаблон:Sfn Eretna further took advantage of the Karamanid ruler Ahmed's death in 1350, capturing Konya. Overall, Eretna's realm extended from Konya to Ankara and Erzurum,Шаблон:Sfn also incorporating Kayseri, Amasya, Tokat, Çorum, Develi, Karahisar, Zile, Canik, Ürgüp, Niğde, Aksaray, Erzincan, Şebinkarahisar, and Darende,Шаблон:Sfn with the capital initially situated in Sivas and later Kayseri.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Eretnid domains.png

Rough extent of Eretna's domains

Eretna was a fluent Arabic-speaker according to Ibn BattutaШаблон:Sfn and was considered a scholar among the scholars of his era. He was famously known as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lit) by his subjects who looked upon him favorably because his rule preserved order in a region that was politically crumbling apart.Шаблон:Sfn He promoted and reinforced the sharia law in his domains and showed an effort to respect and sustain the ulama, sayyids, and sheikhs (Islamic dignitaries). An exception to the praise he received was the accusation put forward by the Egyptian historian al-Maqrizi (1364–1442) that he allowed the state to later fall apart.Шаблон:Sfn

Eretna benefited from the support of the significant population of Mongol tribes in Central Anatolia (referred to as Qara Tatars in sources) in asserting his rule. He thus highlighted his succession to the Mongol tradition despite his Uyghur origin.Шаблон:Sfn When he stopped referring to an overlord after 1341–2 and issued his own coins, he utilized the Uyghur script, which was also used for Mongolian,Шаблон:Sfn to underline the Mongol heritage he sought to represent.Шаблон:Sfn According to historian Andrew Peacock, "Eretna's coinage reflects the complicated and uncertain position of rulers of medieval Anatolia, who experimented with different forms of legitimacy in a period when established modes, even the much vaunted concept of Chinggisid legitimacy, seem to have broken down."Шаблон:Sfn In spite of that, instead of the Mongols, who were numerous in the region from Kütahya to Sivas, Eretna appointed mamluks (slave-soldiers) and local Turks in administrative positions, fearing the rebirth of Mongol rule.Шаблон:Sfn Eretna was still not totally successful in the long run, as his descendants would be evicted from the throne by Kadi Burhan al-Din (Шаблон:Reign), who highlighted his maternal Seljuk descent but also depended on the military support of some of the Mongol tribes.Шаблон:Sfn

Despite the existence of some texts that described his character and skills, there is a scant number of surviving literary works that were dedicated to his and his descendants' rule. One such text was a short Persian Шаблон:Transl (exegesis) in al-As'ila wa'l-Ajwiba by Aqsara'i commissioned by the Eretnid emir of Amasya, Sayf al-Din Shadgeldi (died 1381). Another instance was an astrological almanac (Шаблон:Transl) created for the last Eretnid ruler Ala al-Din Ali in 1371–2.Шаблон:Sfn There are also no surviving mosques, madrasas, caravanserais, hospitals, or bridges dated back to Eretna's rule, with the exception of tombs.Шаблон:Sfn Eretna passed away in February,Шаблон:Sfn March,Шаблон:Sfn or AugustШаблон:Sfn 1352 and was buried in the kumbet (dome) located in the courtyard of Köşkmedrese in Kayseri.Шаблон:Sfn

Family

Eretna's wives included Suli Pasha (died 1339),Шаблон:Sfn Togha KhatunШаблон:Efn and Isfahan Shah Khatun.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He was known to have had three sons: Hasan, Muhammad, and Jafar. The oldest son,Шаблон:Sfn Sheikh Hasan was the governor of SivasШаблон:Sfn and died in December 1347Шаблон:Sfn or January 1348Шаблон:Sfn due to sickness shortly after he wed an Artuqid princess.Шаблон:Sfn Eretna's successor and youngest son, Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad I was born to Isfahan Shah Khatun, who was a relative of the Jalayirid ruler Hasan Buzurg.Шаблон:Sfn

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:EI2
• Шаблон:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:EI2
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal