Английская Википедия:Ergi
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Lang (noun) and Шаблон:Lang (adjective) are two Old Norse terms of insult, denoting effeminacy or other unmanly behaviour. Шаблон:Lang (also Шаблон:Wikt-lang) is "unmanly" and ergi is "unmanliness"; the terms have cognates in other Germanic languages such as Шаблон:Wikt-lang, Шаблон:Wikt-lang, arag, or arug, among others.
Ergi in the Viking Age
To accuse another man of being Шаблон:Lang was called scolding (see Шаблон:Lang) and thus a legal reason to challenge the accuser in holmgang. If holmgang was refused by the accused, he could be outlawed (full outlawry) as this refusal proved that the accuser was right and the accused was Шаблон:Lang. If the accused fought successfully in holmgang and had thus proven that he was not Шаблон:Lang, the scolding was considered what was in Old English called Шаблон:Lang, an unjustified, severe defamation, and the accuser had to pay the offended party full compensation. The Gray Goose Laws states: Шаблон:Quote
The practice of Шаблон:Lang or "sorcery" was considered Шаблон:Lang in the Viking Age, and in Icelandic accounts and medieval Scandinavian laws, the term Шаблон:Lang had connotations of a receptive, passive role of a freeborn man during homosexual intercourse. There are no written records of how the northern people thought of homosexuality before this conversion. The sociologist David F. Greenberg points out:Шаблон:Quote
Saleby Runestone
Although no runic inscription uses the term Шаблон:Lang, runestone Vg 67 in Saleby, Sweden, includes a curse that anyone breaking the stone would become a Шаблон:Lang, translated as a "wretch," "outcast," or "warlock", and Шаблон:Lang, which is translated as "maleficent woman" in the dative.[1] Here Шаблон:Lang appears to be related to the practice of Шаблон:Lang[2] and represents the most loathsome term the runemaster could imagine calling someone.[3]
Modern usage
Шаблон:Refimprove In modern Scandinavian languages, the lexical root Шаблон:Lang has assumed the meaning "angry", as in Swedish, Bokmål and Nynorsk Шаблон:Wikt-lang, or Danish Шаблон:Wikt-lang. Modern Icelandic has the derivation Шаблон:Lang, meaning "to seem/appear irritable", similar to Bokmål ergre, meaning "to irritate". (There are similarities to the German Шаблон:Wikt-lang, "annoying, annoyed", and Dutch Шаблон:Wikt-lang, "irritating" and Шаблон:Wikt-lang, "to irritate".) In modern Faroese the adjective Шаблон:Lang means "angry/annoyed" and the verb Шаблон:Lang means to "taunt" or "bully". In modern Dutch, the word Шаблон:Wikt-lang has become a fortifier equivalent to English very; the same is true for the old-fashioned adjective Шаблон:Wikt-lang in German, which means "wicked" (especially in compounds as Шаблон:Wikt-lang "malicious" and Шаблон:Wikt-lang "unsuspecting"), but has become a fortifier in the Austrian German. The meaning of the word in Old Norse has been preserved in loans into neighboring Finnic languages: Livonian ārga, Estonian Шаблон:Wikt-lang and Finnish Шаблон:Wikt-lang, both meaning "cowardly".
See also
- Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang, Ancient Greek)
References
External links
- Шаблон:In lang SAOB: Arg.adj
- Шаблон:In lang Från niding till sprätt. En studie i det svenska omanlighetsbegreppets historia från vikingatid till sent 1700-tal
- Шаблон:In lang Adolfsson, Lars: Germanska mannaförbund. Existens och initiation. Bachelor's thesis, Uppsala 2004
- Viking Answer Lady
Шаблон:Wikitionary Шаблон:LGBT in Nordic countries Шаблон:Religion and LGBT people
- ↑ Project Samnordisk Runtextdatabas Svensk - Rundata entry for Vg 67.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
