Английская Википедия:Ergotamine
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox drug
Ergotamine, sold under the brand names Cafergot (with caffeine) and Ergomar among others, is an ergopeptine and part of the ergot family of alkaloids; it is structurally and biochemically closely related to ergoline.[1] It is structurally similar to several neurotransmitters, and it acts as a vasoconstrictor.
It is used for acute migraines, sometimes with caffeine. Medicinal use of ergot fungus began in the 16th century, for the induction of childbirth; but dosage uncertainty discouraged its use. It has been used to prevent post-partum hemorrhage (bleeding after childbirth). It was first isolated from the ergot fungus by Arthur Stoll, at Sandoz in 1918, and was marketed as Gynergen in 1921.[2]
Biosynthesis
Ergotamine is a secondary metabolite (natural product) and the principal alkaloid produced by the ergot fungus, Claviceps purpurea, and related fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae.[3] Its biosynthesis in these fungi requires the amino acid L-tryptophan and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate. These precursor compounds are the substrates for the enzyme, tryptophan dimethylallyltransferase, catalyzing the first step in ergot alkaloid biosynthesis, i.e., the prenylation of L-tryptophan. Further reactions, involving methyltransferase and oxygenase enzymes, yield the ergoline, lysergic acid. Lysergic acid (LA) is the substrate of lysergyl peptide synthetase, a nonribosomal peptide synthetase, which covalently links LA to the amino acids, L-alanine, L-proline, and L-phenylalanine. Enzyme-catalyzed or spontaneous cyclizations, oxygenations/oxidations, and isomerizations at selected residues precede, and give rise to, formation of ergotamine.[4]
Medical uses
Ergotamine continues to be prescribed for migraines and cluster headaches.[5]
Availability and dosage
In the United States, ergotamine is available as a suppository, a sublingual tablet, and a tablet, sometimes in combination with caffeine. The suppository is available under the brand name Migergot, which contains 2 mg of ergotamine with 100 mg caffeine. The sublingual tablet is available under the brand name Ergomar and contains 2 mg of ergotamine. The combination tablet in combination with caffeine called Cafergot contains 1 mg of ergotamine and 100 mg of caffeine.[6]
This preparation may be used immediately following the aura/onset of pain to abort the migraine. For the best results, dosage should start at the first sign of an attack.[7]
Contraindications
Contraindications include: atherosclerosis, Buerger's syndrome, coronary artery disease, hepatic disease, pregnancy, pruritus, Raynaud's syndrome, and renal disease.[8] It's also contraindicated if patient is taking macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), certain HIV protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir, nelfinavir, indinavir), certain azole antifungals (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole) delavirdine, efavirenz, or a 5-HT1 receptor agonist (e.g., sumatriptan). [9]
Side effects
Side effects of ergotamine include nausea and vomiting. At higher doses, it can cause raised arterial blood pressure, vasoconstriction (including coronary vasospasm) and bradycardia or tachycardia. Severe vasoconstriction may cause symptoms of intermittent claudication.[10][5]
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Ergotamine interacts with serotonin, adrenergic, and dopamine receptors.[11][12] It is an agonist of serotonin receptors including the 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 subtypes.[11] Ergotamine is an agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor and has been associated with cardiac valvulopathy.[13] Despite acting as a potent 5-HT2A receptor agonist, ergotamine is said to be non-hallucinogenic similarly to lisuride.[14][15] This is thought to be due to functional selectivity at the 5-HT2A receptor.[14][15]
| Site | Affinity (Ki/IC50 [nM]) | Efficacy (Emax [%]) | Action |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5-HT1A | 0.17–0.3 | ? | Full agonist |
| 5-HT1B | 0.3–4.7 | ? | Agonist |
| 5-HT1D | 0.3–6.0 | ? | Agonist |
| 5-HT1E | 19–840 | ? | ? |
| 5-HT1F | 170–171 | ? | ? |
| 5-HT2A | 0.64–0.97 | ? | Full agonist |
| 5-HT2B | 1.3–45 | ? | Partial agonist |
| 5-HT2C | 1.9–9.8 | ? | Partial agonist |
| 5-HT3 | >10,000 | – | – |
| 5-HT4 | 65 | ? | ? |
| 5-HT5A | 14 | ? | Agonist |
| 5-HT5B | 3.2–16 | ? | ? |
| 5-HT6 | 12 | ? | ? |
| 5-HT7 | 1,291 | ? | Agonist |
| α1A | 15–>10,000 | – | – |
| α1B | 12–>10,000 | – | – |
| α1D | ? | ? | ? |
| α2A | 106 | ? | ? |
| α2B | 88 | ? | ? |
| α2C | >10,000 | – | – |
| β1 | >10,000 | – | – |
| β2 | >10,000 | – | – |
| D1 | >10,000 | – | – |
| D2 | 4.0–>10,000 | – | Agonist |
| D3 | 3.2–>10,000 | – | – |
| D4 | 12–>10,000 | – | – |
| D5 | 170 | ? | ? |
| H1 | >10,000 | – | – |
| H2 | >10,000 | – | – |
| M1 | 862 | ? | ? |
| M2 | 911 | ? | ? |
| M3 | >10,000 | – | – |
| M4 | >10,000 | – | – |
| M5 | >10,000 | – | – |
| Notes: All receptors are human except 5-HT5A (mouse/rat) and 5-HT5B (mouse/rat—no human counterpart).[12] No affinity for histamine H1 or H2, cannabinoid CB1, GABA, glutamate, or nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, nor the monoamine transporters (all >10,000 nM).[12] | |||
Pharmacokinetics
The bioavailability of ergotamine is around 2% orally, 6% rectally, and 100% by intramuscular or intravenous injection.[11] The low oral and rectal bioavailability is due to low gastrointestinal absorption and high first-pass metabolism.[11]
Legal status
Ergotamine is included as a List I precursor in the United States, as it is a commonly used precursor for the production of LSD.[16]
See also
References
Шаблон:Antimigraine preparations Шаблон:Navboxes Шаблон:Ergolines
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ A. J. Giannini, A. E. Slaby. Drugs of Abuse. Oradell, New Jersey: Medical Economics Books, 1989.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокPDSPKiDatabaseне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- Английская Википедия
- Alpha-1 blockers
- Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists
- Antimigraine drugs
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- Serotonin receptor agonists
- Vasoconstrictors
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