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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Use Philippine English Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Infobox settlement

Ermita is a district in Manila, Philippines. Located at the central part of the city, the district is a significant center of finance, education, culture, and commerce. Ermita serves as the civic center of the city, bearing the seat of city government and a large portion of the area's employment, business, and entertainment activities.

Private and government offices, museums, and universities thrive in Ermita. It is also home to famous tourist attractions and landmarks, notably the Rizal Park, the premier national park of the Philippines.

Originally, Ermita and its neighboring district Malate were posh neighborhoods for Manila's high society during the early 20th century where large, grandiose mansions once stood. Ermita and its surroundings were heavily bombed and flattened during the Second World War after it became a battleground during the Manila massacre. After the war, Ermita and its twin district, Malate, had undergone commercialization resulting in a shift from being a sprawling upscale suburb to a commercial district.

History

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Файл:Luneta, 1899.jpg
Luneta Promenade in the late 1890s

Kingdom of Luzon

The town of Ermita was originally known as Lagyo in Tagalog. It was in close proximity to Manila.

Spanish rule (1570–1898)

During Spanish rule, the town was recorded by Miguel de Loarca in 1582:

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Lagyo was re-christened in the 17th century as La Hermita, Spanish for "the hermitage", after the fact that a Mexican hermit resided in the area and on this site was built a hermitage housing an image of the Virgin Mary known as the Nuestra Señora de Guia (Our Lady of Guidance). The hermit-priest's name was Juan Fernandez de Leon, who was a hermit in Mexico before relocating to Manila.[1]

The hermitage has since evolved into Ermita Church, which has been rebuilt several times since the early 17th century.[2] During the Spanish evacuation of Ternate in present-day Indonesia, the 200 families of mixed Mexican-Filipino-Spanish and Papuan-Indonesian-Portuguese descent who had ruled over the Christianized Sultanate of Ternate and included their sultan who converted, were relocated to Ternate, Cavite, and Ermita, Manila.[3]

By the 19th century, although still considered as an "arrabalШаблон:Hair space", which refers to a rural area, urban expansion had slowly reached the northern portion of the district mainly due to the development of the Luneta, also called Bagumbayan, as a promenade at the coast of Manila Bay. The district also saw the construction of the Manila Observatory by Father Federico Faura during the early 1890s, and was once located on a street now renamed after Fr. Faura himself. Ermita then developed a creole language based on Spanish called Ermiteño, which eventually became extinct after the devastation of the Second World War, although it still has a surviving cousin language spoken in nearby Cavite.Шаблон:Citation needed

American and Commonwealth era (1900–1944)

Файл:Manila Burnham Plan.jpg
Burnham Plan of Manila, 1905

Ermita gained renewed prominence during the American and Commonwealth era. As part of Daniel Burnham's plans for Manila influenced by the City Beautiful movement during the early 1900s, Ermita alongside Intramuros' surrounding areas had undergone a drastic redevelopment from being the outskirts to urban districts. In 1901, with the chartering of the city of Manila,[4] Ermita would be absorbed by the city of Manila when its borders were extended outside the walled Intramuros.

Burnham envisioned the district, especially in the northern portion, to be the center of the Philippine government, redeveloping Luneta into a grand park patterned after that of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Government buildings housing the legislative, executive and judicial branches were also planned to be located in the area. A proposed Philippine capitol was also planned to be built at the eastern tip of Luneta Park but never materialized.[5]

Файл:AL-135 Highfill Album Image (15340671201).jpg
Aerial view of Ermita District facing Manila Bay

It also became known as the university district, containing the campuses and dormitories of the Philippine Normal University,[6] University of the Philippines, the Ateneo de Manila, Adamson University, the Assumption College and St. Paul College. The residential portion of Ermita was populated by American residents, who set up such establishments as the Army and Navy Club, and the University Club.[7]

Aside from its universities, and leisure clubs; Ermita district, as well as its adjacent district, Malate, which both happened to be facing Manila Bay, were once home to Manila's high society and were filled with large, gilded mansions. Manila's wealthiest families used to live in the twin suburbs.

One notable structure also that was built was the Insular Ice Plant, which was designed by consulting architect, Edgar K. Bourne, who was also the head of the Bureau of Architecture in 1902 (under the Philippine Commission).

Second World War (1942–1945)

In February 1945, during the 1945 Battle of Manila, Ermita was the scene of some of the most horrific massacres that occurred during the Second World War. The wife and four children of future President Elpidio Quirino were murdered in Ermita, as was Supreme Court Associate Justice Anacleto Diaz. Between 68% and 85% of Ermita was destroyed during the Battle of Manila, with an estimated total of 100,000 Filipino civilians killed in the city itself.[8]

Post-war era (1946–present)

After the war, the district slowly transformed from a residential area into a commercial area as the upper classes moved to other cities such as Quezon City and Makati.

Ermita was rebuilt after the devastation of the war. University life remained vibrant therein. However, as decades passed, Ermita started earning a reputation as the red-light district of Manila.[9] During the first term of Mayor Alfredo Lim, 1992–1998, an effort was made to "clean up" Ermita's image and reputation. However, a local city ordinance prohibiting the establishment of motels, lodging houses and other similar establishments, was later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.[10] As a result of the clean-up efforts, nightlife in the area dwindled though it later picked up with the help of the emergence of the nearby Malate district and the Roxas Boulevard revitalization efforts along Manila Bay.

Accessibility

Файл:0012jfLiwasang Bonifacio Landmarks Metropolitan Theater Manilafvf.jpg
Lawton Park N Ride

The district can be directly accessed by the main roads like the Roxas Boulevard, Padre Burgos Street, Taft Avenue and United Nations Avenue. Lawton Park N Ride, the city's main public transport hub, is located in the district along Padre Burgos Street, as well as the Manila Multimodal Terminal near the Pasig River.

The Manila Light Rail Transit System (LRT-1) follows Taft Avenue and stops at three stations located in Ermita, Central Terminal Station, United Nations Station and Pedro Gil Station.

Pasig River Ferry Service has a ferry station in the district, named Lawton.

Facilities

Файл:Santa Cruz Quiapo, Manila 12.jpg
Manila Metropolitan Theater along Padre Burgos Street
Файл:WTMP Team RMD A32.JPG
Kalaw Avenue south of Rizal Park

Recreation

Rizal Park, the widest open urban public park in the country and location of the monument to the national hero José Rizal, is a prominent feature of Ermita. This was the original site for Burnham's planned government center and capitol building. Other sites of interest in Ermita include:

Institutions

Education

Файл:Universidad de Manila, February 2023.jpg
Universidad de Manila, a local university funded by the Manila local government

A number of educational institutions are also found in Ermita, including:

Barangays

Ermita is made up of 13 barangays numbered 659, 659-A, 660, 660-A, 661, 663, 663-A, 664, 666, 667, 668, 669, and 670.

Barangays 659 to 664 are part of Zone 71 of the City of Manila, while barangays 666 to 670 are part of Zone 72.

Zone/Barangay Land area (km²) Population (2020 census)
Zone 71
Barangay 659 0.1403 km² 361
Barangay 659-A 0.3553 km² 2,607
Barangay 660 0.05628 km² 332
Barangay 660-A 0.1159 km² 2,457
Barangay 661 0.1222 km² 441
Barangay 663 0.05173 km² 604
Barangay 663-A 0.07525 km² 403
Barangay 664 0.1429 km² 456
Zone 72
Barangay 666 0.6910 km² 810
Barangay 667 0.1991 km² 2,371
Barangay 668 0.1559 km² 2,645
Barangay 669 0.2455 km² 2,928
Barangay 670 0.1419 km² 2,774

In popular culture

References

Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Wikivoyage

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Шаблон:Manila Шаблон:Metro Manila populated places Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. "Jesuits In The Philippines (1581–1768)" Page 132 "In 1591 there arrived in Manila a secular priest named Juan Fernandez de Leon. He had led a hermit's life in Mexico and planned to continue it in the Philippines. For this purpose he built himself a retreat near a wayside shrine just outside the city walls which was dedicated to Our Lady of Guidance, Nuestra Sehora de Guia. His hermitage later gave its name to the entire district, which is called Ermita to this day."
  2. By Sword and Fire: The Destruction of Manila in World War II 3 February – 3 March 1945, p. 85-86
  3. Zamboangueño Chavacano: Philippine Spanish Creole or Filipinized Spanish Creole? By Tyron Judes D. Casumpang (Page 3)
  4. Шаблон:Cite act
  5. Шаблон:Cite web
  6. pnu.edu.ph
  7. By Sword and Fire: The Destruction of Manila in World War II 3 February – 3 March 1945, p. 89
  8. By Sword and Fire: The Destruction of Manila in World War II 3 February – 3 March 1945, p. 405
  9. Leo van der Velden, Tussen Prostituee en Maitresse, de Hospitality Girls van Ermita, Manila, 1982, ASC-VAZZOA Universiteit van Amsterdam https://hdl.handle.net/11653/book93585
  10. G.R. No. 118127. April 12, 2005 (archived from the original on 2008-02-24)