Английская Википедия:Erzya language
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language
The Erzya language (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:IPA-all), also Erzian or historically Arisa, is spoken by approximately 300,000 people in the northern, eastern and north-western parts of the Republic of Mordovia and adjacent regions of Nizhny Novgorod, Chuvashia, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk, Tatarstan and Bashkortostan in Russia. A diaspora can also be found in Armenia and Estonia, as well as in Kazakhstan and other states of Central Asia. Erzya is currently written using Cyrillic with no modifications to the variant used by the Russian language. In Mordovia, Erzya is co-official with Moksha and Russian.
The language belongs to the Mordvinic branch of the Uralic languages. Erzya is a language that is closely related to Moksha but has distinct phonetics, morphology and vocabulary.
Phonology
Consonants
The following table lists the consonant phonemes of Erzya together with their Cyrillic equivalents.[1]
Labial | Alveolar | (Palato-) alveolar |
Velar | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | pal. | |||||
Nasal | Шаблон:IPAslink м | Шаблон:IPAslink н | Шаблон:IPAslink нь | Шаблон:IPAslink н | ||
Plosive | voiceless | Шаблон:IPAslink п | Шаблон:IPAslink т | Шаблон:IPAslink ть | Шаблон:IPAslink к | |
voiced | Шаблон:IPAslink б | Шаблон:IPAslink д | Шаблон:IPAslink дь | Шаблон:IPAslink г | ||
Affricate | Шаблон:IPAslink ц | Шаблон:IPAslink ць | Шаблон:IPAslink ч | |||
Fricative | voiceless | (Шаблон:IPAslink ф) | Шаблон:IPAslink с | Шаблон:IPAslink сь | Шаблон:IPAslink ш | (Шаблон:IPAslink х) |
voiced | Шаблон:IPAslink в | Шаблон:IPAslink з | Шаблон:IPAslink зь | Шаблон:IPAslink ж | ||
Trill | Шаблон:IPAslink р | Шаблон:IPAslink рь | ||||
Approximant | Шаблон:IPAslink л | Шаблон:IPAslink ль | Шаблон:IPAslink й |
Note on romanized transcription: in Uralic studies, the members of the palatalized series are usually spelled as Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, while the postalveolar sounds are spelled Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr (see Uralic Phonetic Alphabet).
Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:IPAslink are loan phonemes from Russian.[1] There is a phonemic contrast between Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:IPAslink, despite that they share the standard spelling ⟨н⟩. Minimal pairs include:
- Шаблон:IPA "along the path", in which the alveolar Шаблон:IPA of the stem is retained before the prolative case ending Шаблон:IPA, vs. Шаблон:IPA, the connegative form of the verb Шаблон:IPA "to break"
- Шаблон:IPA "good", subject or object complement in Шаблон:IPA translative, vs. Шаблон:IPA "direction; area". See Rueter 2010: 58.
Vowels
Erzya has a simple five-vowel system.[2]
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
High | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link |
Mid | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link |
Low | Шаблон:IPA link |
The front vowels Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA have centralized variants Шаблон:IPAblink and Шаблон:IPAblink immediately following a plain alveolar consonant, e.g. Шаблон:Transliteration Шаблон:IPA "they", Шаблон:Transliteration Шаблон:IPA "blue".
Vowel harmony
As in many other Uralic languages, Erzya has vowel harmony. Most roots contain either front vowels (Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA) or back vowels (Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA). In addition, all suffixes with mid vowels have two forms: the form to be used is determined by the final syllable of the stem. The low vowel (Шаблон:IPA), found in the comparative case Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration) "the size of" and the prolative Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration) "spatial multipoint used with verbs of motion as well as position" is a back vowel and not subject to vowel harmony.
The rules of vowel harmony are as follows:
- If the final syllable of the word stem contains a front vowel, the front form of the suffix is used: Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration) "village", Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration) "in a village"
- If the final syllable of the word stem contains a back vowel, and it is followed by plain (non-palatalized) consonants, the back form of the suffix is used: Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration) "house", Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration) "in a house"
However, if the back vowel is followed by a palatalized consonant or palatal glide, vowel harmony is violated and the "front" form of the suffix is used: Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration) "with willow", Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration) "with butter". Likewise, if a front-vowel stem is followed by a low back vowel suffix, subsequent syllables will contain back harmony: Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration) "throughout its villages"
Thus the seeming violations of vowel harmony attested in stems, e.g. Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration) "axe", Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration) "thread (string)", are actually due to the palatalized consonants Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.
One exception to front-vowel harmony is observed in palatalized non-final Шаблон:IPA, e.g. Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration) "with asphalt".
Morphology
Like all other Uralic languages, Erzya is an agglutinative language which expresses grammatical relations by means of suffixes.
Nouns
Nouns are inflected for case, number, definiteness and possessor. Erzya distinguishes twelve cases (here illustrated with the noun Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transliteration "ground, earth"). Number is systematically distinguished only with definite nouns; for indefinite nouns and nouns with a possessive suffix, only the nominative case has a distinct plural.[2][1]
Case | Indefinite | Definite | 1st person sg. possessive | 2nd person sg. possessive | 3rd person sg. possessive | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | singular/plural | singular | plural | |
nominative | мода moda |
мода-т moda-t |
мода-сь moda-ś |
мода-тне moda-tńe |
мода-м moda-m |
мода-н moda-n |
мода-т moda-t |
мода-зo moda-zo |
мода-нзo moda-nzo |
genitive | мода-нь moda-ń |
мода-нть moda-ńt́ |
мода-тне-нь moda-tńe-ń | ||||||
dative/allative | мода-нень moda-ńeń |
мода-нтень moda-ńt́eń |
мода-тне-нень moda-tńe-ńeń | ||||||
inessive | мода-со moda-so |
мода-сонть moda-sońt́ |
мода-тне-сэ moda-tńe-se |
мода-со-н moda-so-n |
мода-со-т moda-so-t |
мода-со-нзo moda-so-nzo | |||
elative | мода-сто moda-sto |
мода-стонть moda-stońt́ |
мода-тне-стэ moda-tńe-ste |
мода-сто-н moda-sto-n |
мода-сто-т moda-sto-t |
мода-сто-нзo moda-sto-nzo | |||
illative | мода-с moda-s |
мода-нтень moda-ńt́eń |
мода-тне-с moda-tńe-s |
мода-з-oн moda-z-on |
мода-з-oт moda-z-ot |
мода-з-oнзo moda-z-onzo | |||
prolative | мода-ва moda-va |
мода-ванть moda-vańt́ |
мода-тне-ва moda-tńe-va |
мода-ва-н moda-va-n |
мода-ва-т moda-va-t |
мода-ва-нзo moda-va-nzo | |||
ablative | мода-до moda-do |
мода-донть moda-dońt́ |
мода-тне-дe moda-tńe-d́e |
мода-до-н moda-do-n |
мода-до-т moda-do-t |
мода-до-нзo moda-do-nzo | |||
lative | мода-в moda-v |
- | - | - | - | - | |||
translative | мода-кс moda-ks |
мода-ксонть moda-ksońt́ |
мода-тне-кс moda-tńe-ks |
мода-кс-oн moda-ks-on |
мода-кс-oт moda-ks-ot |
мода-кс-oнзo moda-ks-onzo | |||
abessive | мода-втомо moda-vtomo |
мода-втомонть moda-vtomońt́ |
мода-тне-втеме moda-tńe-vt́eme |
мода-втомо-н moda-vtomo-n |
мода-втомо-т moda-vtomo-t |
мода-втомо-нзo moda-vtomo-nzo | |||
comparative | мода-шка moda-ška |
мода-шканть moda-škańt́ |
мода-тне-шка moda-tńe-ška |
мода-шка-н moda-ška-n |
мода-шка-т moda-ška-t |
мода-шка-нзo moda-ška-nzo |
Plural possessors follow the pattern of second person singular possessors.
Case | 1st pers. pl. poss. | 2nd pers. pl. poss. | 3rd pers. pl. poss. |
---|---|---|---|
singular/plural | singular/plural | singular/plural | |
nominative | мода-нoк moda-nok |
мода-нк moda-nk |
мода-ст moda-st |
inessive (...) |
мода-со-нoк moda-so-nok (...) |
мода-со-нк moda-so-nk (...) |
мода-со-ст moda-so-st (...) |
Verbs
Erzya verbs are inflected for tense and mood, and are further conjugated for person of subject and object.[1][2] Traditionally, three stem types are distinguished: a-stems, o-stems and e-stems. A-stems always retain the stem vowel a in the non-third-person present-tense forms, and in the third-person first past-tense forms (e.g. Шаблон:Transliteration "kissed"). With many o-stems and e-stems, the stem vowel is dropped in these forms (e.g. o-stem Шаблон:Transliteration "watched", e-stem Шаблон:Transliteration "swallowed"), but there also o- and e-stem verbs which retain the vowel (Шаблон:Transliteration "slept", Шаблон:Transliteration "cooked"). Rueter (2010) therefore divides verb stems into vowel-retaining stems and vowel-dropping stems.[3]
In indicative mood, three tenses are distinguished: present/future, first past, second (=habitual) past.
present/future tense | first past tense | second past tense | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a-stem | o-stem | e-stem | a-stem | e-stem | e-stem | ||
1sg | мора-н mora-n |
ван-ан van-an |
пил-ян piĺ-an |
сод-ы-нь sod-i-ń |
мер-и-нь meŕ-i-ń |
неи-линь ńej-i-ĺiń | |
2sg | мора-т mora-t |
ван-ат van-at |
пил-ят piĺ-at |
сод-ы-ть sod-i-t́ |
мер-и-ть meŕ-i-t́ |
неи-лить ńej-i-ĺit́ | |
3sg | мор-ы mor-i |
ван-ы van-i |
пил-и piĺ-i |
содa-сь soda-ś |
мер-сь meŕ-ś |
неи-ль ńej-i-ĺ | |
1pl | мора-тано mora-tano |
ван-тано van-tano |
пиль-тяно piĺ-t́ano |
сод-ы-нек sod-i-ńek |
мер-и-нек meŕ-i-ńek |
неи-линек ńej-i-ĺińek | |
2pl | мора-тадо mora-tado |
ван-тадо van-tado |
пиль-тядо piĺ-t́ado |
сод-ы-де sod-i-d́e |
мер-и-де meŕ-i-d́e |
неи-лиде ńej-i-ĺid́e | |
3pl | мор-ыть mor-it́ |
ван-ыть van-it́ |
пил-ить piĺ-it́ |
содa-сть soda-śt́ |
мер-сть meŕ-śt́ |
неи-льть ńej-i-ĺt́ | |
first infinitive | мора-мс mora-ms |
вано-мс vano-ms |
пиле-мс piĺe-ms |
сода-мс soda-ms |
мере-мс meŕe-ms |
нее-мс ńeje-ms | |
second infinitive | мора-мо mora-mo |
вано-мо vano-mo |
пиле-ме piĺe-me |
сода-мо soda-mo |
мере-ме meŕe-me |
нее-ме ńeje-me | |
'sing' | 'watch' | 'swallow' | 'know' | 'say' | 'see' |
The third-person singular form in the present tense is also used as present participle. The second past tense is formed by adding the past-tense copula Шаблон:Transliteration to the present participle.
The other mood categories are:
- conditional (Шаблон:Transliteration + present suffixes)
- conjunctive (Шаблон:Transliteration + past suffixes)
- conditional-conjunctive (Шаблон:Transliteration + past suffixes)
- desiderative (Шаблон:Transliteration + past suffixes)
- optative (Шаблон:Transliteration + present suffixes)
- imperative (Шаблон:Transliteration)
conditional | conjunctive | conditional-conjunctive | desiderative | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1sg | ярс-ындеря-н jars-ińd́eŕa-n |
изня-влинь iźńa-vĺiń |
ул-индеря-влинь uĺ-ińd́eŕa-vĺiń |
вид-иксэлинь vid́-ikseĺiń |
2sg | ярс-ындеря-т jars-ińd́eŕa-t |
изня-влить iźńa-vĺit́ |
ул-индеря-влить uĺ-ińd́eŕa-vĺit́ |
вид-иксэлить vid́-ikseĺit́ |
3sg | ярс-ындеря-й jars-ińd́eŕa-j |
изня-воль iźńa-voĺ |
ул-индеря-воль uĺ-ińd́eŕa-voĺ |
вид-иксэль vid́-ikseĺ |
1pl | ярс-ындеря-тано jars-ińd́eŕa-tano |
изня-влинек iźńa-vĺińek |
ул-индеря-влинек uĺ-ińd́eŕa-vĺińek |
вид-иксэлинек vid́-ikseĺińek |
2pl | ярс-ындеря-тадо jars-ińd́eŕa-tado |
изня-влиде iźńa-vĺid́e |
ул-индеря-влиде uĺ-ińd́eŕa-vĺid́e |
вид-иксэлиде vid́-ikseĺid́e |
3pl | ярс-ындеря-йть jars-ińd́eŕa-jt́ |
изня-вольть iźńa-voĺt́ |
ул-индеря-вольть uĺ-ińd́eŕa-voĺt́ |
вид-иксэльть vid́-ikseĺt́ |
first infinitive | ярса-мс jarsa-ms |
изня-мс iźńa-ms |
уле-мс uĺe-ms |
виде-мс vid́e-ms |
second infinitive | ярса-мо jarsa-mo |
изня-мо iźńa-mo |
уле-ме uĺe-me |
виде-ме vid́e-me |
'eat' | 'win' | 'be' | 'sow' |
Writing
Cyrillic alphabet
The modern Erzya alphabet is the same as for Russian:[1]
The letters ф, х, щ and ъ are only used in loanwords from Russian. The pre-1929 version of the Erzya alphabet included the additional letter Cyrillic ligature En Ge (Ҥ ҥ) in some publications, (cf. Evsevyev 1928).
In combination with the alveolar consonants т, д, ц, с, з, н, л, and р, vowel letters are employed to distinguish between plain and palatalized articulations in a similar way as in Russian: а, э, ы, о, у follow plain alveolars, while я, е, и, ё, ю follow palatalized alveolars, e.g. та /ta/, тэ /te/, ты /ti/, то /to/, ту /tu/ vs. тя /tʲa/, те /tʲe/, ти /tʲi/, тё /tʲo/, тю /tʲu/. If no vowel follows, palatalization is indicated by ь, e.g. ть /tʲ/. Following non-alveolar consonants, only а, е, и, о, у occur, e.g. па /pa/, пе /pe/, пи /pi/, по /po/, пу /pu/.
Latin alphabet
Шаблон:Undue weight section A Latin alphabet was officially approved by the government of Nizhne-Volzhskiy Kray in 1932, but it was never used:[4]
- a в c ç d ә e f g y i j k l m n o p r s ş t u v x z ƶ ь
One of the modern Latin alphabet proposals:[5][6][7][8]Шаблон:Primary source inline
- a b c č ć d d́/ď e f g h i j k l ĺ/ľ m n ń o p r ŕ s š ś t t́/ť u v z ž ź
Cyrillic | Latin |
---|---|
a | a |
б | b |
в | v |
г | g |
д | before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — d́/ď |
not before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — d | |
e | at the beginning of a word — je |
after a vowel — je | |
after a consonant — e | |
ë | at the beginning of a word — jo |
after a vowel — jo | |
after a consonant — o | |
ж | ž |
з | before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — ź |
not before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — z | |
и | at the beginning of a word — i |
after a consonant — i | |
after a vowel — ji | |
й | j |
к | k |
л | before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — ĺ/ľ |
not before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — l | |
м | m |
н | before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — ń |
not before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — n | |
o | o |
п | p |
p | before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — ŕ |
not before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — r | |
c | before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — ś |
not before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — s | |
т | before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — t́/ť |
not before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — t | |
у | u |
ф | f (only in loanwords) |
x | h (only in loanwords) |
ц | before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — ć |
not before e,ë,и,ь,ю,я — c | |
ч | č |
ш | š |
щ | šč/šť (only in loanwords) |
ъ | – |
ы | i |
ь | – |
э | e |
ю | at the beginning of a word — ju |
after a vowel — ju | |
after a consonant — u | |
я | at the beginning of a word — ja |
after a vowel — ja | |
after a consonant — a |
Sample Text
Erzya | English |
---|---|
Шумбрат (Šumbrat) | Hello (to one person) |
Шумбратадо (Šumbratado) | Hello (to multiple people) |
Кода тонь леметь? (Koda toń ĺemet́?) | What is your name? |
Монь лемем ___. (Moń ĺemem ___.) | My name is ____. |
Сюкпря (Śukpŕa) | Thank you |
Вастомазонок (Vastomazonok) | Goodbye |
ава (ava) | woman |
ломань (lomań) | man, person |
эйкакш (ejkakš) | child |
ялга (jalga), оя (oja) | friend |
тетя (t́et́a) | father |
ава (ava) | mother |
цёра (ćora) | boy |
тейтерь (t́ejt́eŕ) | girl |
кудо (kudo) | house |
ош (oš) | city |
мастор (mastor) | land |
килей (kiĺej) | birch tree |
лей (ĺej) | river |
вирь (viŕ) | forest |
эрьке (eŕke) | lake |
кинига (kińiga), конёвкс (końovks) | book |
столь (stoĺ), тувор (tuvor) | table |
пине (pińe) | dog |
псака (psaka), катка (katka) | cat |
ракша (rakša) | animal |
овто (ovto) | bear |
кал (kal) | fish |
Erzya (Cyrillic)[9] | Erzya (Transliteration) | English[10] |
---|---|---|
Весе ломантне чачить олякс ды правасост весе вейкетекс. Сынст улить превест-чарьксчист ды визькстэ чарькодемаст, вейке-вейкень коряс прясь тенст ветяма братонь ёжо марто. | Veśe lomańt́ńe čačit́ oĺaks di pravasost veśe vejket́eks. Sinst uĺit́ pŕevest-čaŕksčist di viźkste čaŕkod́emast, vejke-vejkeń koŕas pŕaś t́eńst vet́ama bratoń jožo marto. | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
See also
Bibliography
- A.I. Bryzhinskiy, O.V. Pashutina, Ye.I. Chernov. Писатели Мордовии Биобиблиографический справочник. Saransk: Mordovskoye Knizhnoye Izdatelystvo, 2001. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Vasilij D'omin. Сюконян тенк... Эрзянь писательде ёвтнемат. Saransk, 2005. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Ksenija Djordjevic & Jean-Leo Leonard. Parlons Mordve. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2006, Шаблон:ISBN.
- Makar E. Evsev'ev. Основы мордовской грамматика, Эрзянь грамматика. С приложением образцов мокшанских склонений и спряжений. Москва: Центральное издательство народов СССР, 1928.
- Jack Rueter. Adnominal Person in the Morphological System of Erzya. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 261. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, 2010, Шаблон:ISBN [print], Шаблон:ISBN [online].
- D.V. Tsygankin. Память запечатленная в слове: Словарь географических названий республики Мордовия. Saransk, 2005. Шаблон:ISBN.
References
External links
- Finno-Ugric Electronic Library by the Finno-Ugric Information Center in Syktyvkar, Komi Republic (interface in Russian and English, texts in Mari, Komi, Udmurt, Erzya and Moksha languages): [1]
- Erzjanj Mastor – The society for preserving the Erzya language (in Erzya and Russian)
- https://web.archive.org/web/20061029185215/http://www.info-rm.com/er/index.php News in the Erzya and Moksha Mordvinian languages
- [2] Эрзянский язык
- Erzya – Finnish/English/German/Russian dictionary (robust finite-state, open-source)
- [3] Erzya studies reference bibliography under construction.
- Russian-Moksha-Erzya Dictionary
- Russian-Erzya Dictionary
Шаблон:Uralic languages Шаблон:Languages of Russia Шаблон:Authority control