Английская Википедия:Eshmunazar I

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox royalty Шаблон:Contains special charactersEshmunazar I (Phoenician: 𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍𐤏𐤆𐤓 Шаблон:Transliteration, a theophoric name meaning 'Eshmun helps') was a priest of Astarte and the Phoenician King of Sidon (Шаблон:Reign). He was the founder of his namesake dynasty, and a vassal king of the Achaemenid Empire. Eshmunazar participated in the Neo-Babylonian campaigns against Egypt under the command of either Nebuchadnezzar II or Nabonidus. The Sidonian king is mentioned in the funerary inscriptions engraved on the royal sarcophagi of his son Tabnit I and his grandson Eshmunazar II. The monarch's name is also attested in the dedicatory temple inscriptions of his other grandson, King Bodashtart.

Etymology

Eshmunazar is the Romanized form of the Phoenician theophoric name Шаблон:Script, meaning "Eshmun helps".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Chronology

The absolute chronology of the Kings of Sidon from the dynasty of Eshmunazar I has been much discussed in the literature; traditionally placed in the course of the fifth century BC, inscriptions of this dynasty have been dated back to an earlier period on the basis of numismatic, historical and archaeological evidence. The most complete work addressing the dates of the reigns of these Sidonian kings is by the French historian Josette Elayi who shifted away from the use of biblical chronology. Elayi used extant documentation, including inscribed Tyrian seals and stamps excavated by the Lebanese archaeologist Maurice Chehab in 1972 from Jal el-Bahr, a neighborhood in the north of Tyre,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Phoenician inscriptions discovered by the French archaeologist Maurice Dunand in Sidon in 1965,Шаблон:Sfn and the systematic study of Sidonian coins.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to her work Eshmunazar reigned from c. 575 BC to c. 550 BC.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Historical context

Sidon, which was a flourishing and independent Phoenician city-state, came under Mesopotamian occupation in the ninth century BC. The Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II (883–859 BC) conquered the Lebanon mountain range and its coastal cities, including Sidon.Шаблон:Sfn

In 705, the Sidonian king Luli joined forces with the Egyptians and Judah in an unsuccessful rebellion against Assyrian rule,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn but was forced to flee to Kition with the arrival of the Assyrian army headed by Sennacherib. Sennacherib instated Ittobaal on the throne of Sidon, and reimposed the annual tribute.Шаблон:Sfn When Abdi-Milkutti ascended to Sidon's throne in 680 BC, he also rebelled against the Assyrians. In response, the Assyrian king Esarhaddon captured and beheaded Abdi-Milkutti in 677 BC after a three-year siege; Sidon was stripped of its territory, which was awarded to Baal I, the king of rival Tyre and loyal vassal to Esarhaddon.Шаблон:Sfn

Sidon returned to its former prosperity, while Tyre was besieged for 13 years (586–573 BC) by the Chaldean king Nebuchadnezzar II.Шаблон:Sfn After the Achaemenid conquest in 529 BC, Phoenicia was divided into four vassal kingdoms: Sidon, Tyre, Byblos and Arwad.Шаблон:Sfn Eshmunazar I, a priest of Astarte and the founder of his namesake dynasty, became king around the time of the Achaemenid conquest of the Levant.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Reign

Little is known about Eshmunazar I's reign. According to Elayi, Eshmunazar was a usurper since, unlike the customs of the Phoenician royalty, the name of his father is not mentioned in any of the royal inscriptions.Шаблон:Sfn Eshmunazar participated in the Neo-Babylonian campaigns against Egypt under the command of either Nebuchadnezzar II or Nabonidus.Шаблон:Sfn The Sidonian king seized Egyptian stone sarcophagi belonging to members of the Egyptian elite; three of these sarcophagi were unearthed in the royal necropolis of Sidon.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Epigraphic mentions

Eshmunazar I is mentioned in the funerary inscriptions engraved on the royal sarcophagi of his son Tabnit and his grandson Eshmunazar II.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The monarch's name is also attested in the dedicatory temple inscriptions of his other grandson, King Bodashtart.Шаблон:Sfn

Genealogy

Eshmunazar I was the founder of his namesake dynasty; his heir was his son Tabnit, who fathered Eshmunazar II from his sister Amoashtart.Шаблон:Sfn

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See also

Notes


References

Citations


Sources

Шаблон:S-start Шаблон:S-hou Шаблон:S-bef Шаблон:S-ttl Шаблон:S-aft Шаблон:S-end

Шаблон:Achaemenid rulers Шаблон:Rulers of the Ancient Near East

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